2. Decolonization, Nationalism, and The Rise of New Nations The 20 th Century

3. Global Events Leading Up to Decolonization Imperialism Growing Nationalism World War I World War II Cold War

4. How WWI? Promises of self-determination Use of colonial soldiers in trenches Locals filled posts left by colonial powers during war Financial strain on empire Treaty of Versailles

5. How WWII? Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI and as a result of the global depression Costs of empire US support of anti-colonial liberation movements Atlantic Charter (1941) “right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live” Soviets condemned colonialism

6. How the Cold War? Provided inspiration a blend of capitalist and socialist economies and agendas. Provided arms to those who sided with one or the other (proxy wars and arms races). Encouraged violent recourse for some as a result of the power politics of cold war competition.

8. Process of Decolonization and Nation-Building Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945. Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and mass mobilization of 1920’s and 1930’s. Three patterns: 1. Civil war (China) 2. Negotiated independence (India and much of Africa) 3. Incomplete de-colonization (Palestine, Algeria and Southern Africa, Vietnam)

9. China Japanese invasion interrupted the 1920s and 1930s conflict between the Communists (Mao Zedong) and the Guomindang (Chiang Kai- shek) During the war, CCP expanded peasant base, using appeals for women (health care, divorce rights, education access, graduated taxes, cooperative farming). Growth of party during the war in part through use of anti-Japanese propaganda. Resumption of civil war after Japanese surrender. 1949 Great People’s Revolution- Mao; Nationalist leaders fled to Taiwan.

10. Outline GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949) Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956) Rethinking the Soviet model (1956- 1957) Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

11. Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)

12. Civil War (1946 – 1949) GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party) Chiang Kai-shek (President) CCP: Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong

13. “War of Liberation”

14. Mao Zedong A revolution to remove “3 big mountains” imperialism feudalism bureaucrat-capitalism A “United Front” of … workers peasants petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie

15. People’s Republic of China 1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing Chairman: Mao Zedong 5-Star Red Flag Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

16. Economic Reconstruction 1950s Soviet Union model and assistance land reform (eliminate landlord class) heavy industry (state-owned enterprises) First National People’s Congress (1954) PRC Constitution Zhou Enlai Premier Foreign Minister

17. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) abandon the Soviet model of economic development Soviet “scientific planning” mass mobilization people’s communes

18. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) unrealistic output targets industry agricultural and human disaster

19. Growing Division (1962-1965) Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy

20. Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution commitment to revolution and “class struggle” power struggle to succeed Mao Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards” Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four”

21. Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)

22. Purge of party cadres Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping Purge of intellectuals

23. Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71) the putative successor to Mao Zedong the cult of personality around Mao In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed to assassinate Mao to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”) “9.13” eroded the credibility of the entire leadership of the Cultural Revolution

24. Phase III: the “Gang of Four” 1972 – 1976 power struggle between the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai the fate of Deng Xiaoping

25. Diplomatic Breakthrough 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)

26. Diplomatic Breakthrough 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

27. Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 Turning point in China’s postwar era “Gang of Four” were arrested End of the Cultural Revolution

28. Mao’s legacies

29. Reforms and Opening up The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978 Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy economic modernization became focus US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979

30. China since 1945 Mao dies in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping comes to power. Deng institutes the Four Modernizations, which focuses on improving agriculture, industry, science and technology as well as defense. Deng was in power until his death in 1997

31. Government in China Today Currently known as the People’s Republic of China (PRC). It is a single-party socialist republic (one party, in favor of the working class) The Communist party holds power The current president is Hu Jianto Beijing is the capital city

32. Review of China’s Population Over 1.3 billion people (1/5 of the world’s population) 56 recognized ethnic groups. The Han are the largest (92%) Large population can be attributed to Mao

33. Population in China Efforts were made to limit the population Only 2 children per family law One Child Policy Policies did not work that well Rural families did not comply Males regarded more highly than females

34. Negotiated Independence in India and Africa Independence with little bloodshed in India and much of colonial Africa in decades following World War II. Why? At what cost?

35. India India and other Asian colonies were the first to establish independence movements. Western-educated minorities organized politically to bring about the end of modification of colonial regimes.

36. Mohandas ‘Mahatma’ Gandhi Passed English bar - lawyer for Indian merchants in South Africa. Gandhi’s answer to a spiritual theory of social action – Satyagraha - “soul force”. A tactic using nonviolent resistance or civil disobedience.

37. A ‘Revolution’ in Indian politics Gandhi’s Satyagraha - “What do you think? Wherein in courage required – in blowing others to pieces from behind a cannon, or with a smiling face to approach a cannon and be blown to pieces?...Believe me that a man devoid of courage and manhood can never be a passive resister.”

38. Gandhi in India 1915: back in India - Dressed in traditional clothing- crisscrossed India on third-class trains listening to common people to understand their plight. Urged a boycott of British goods, jobs & honors.

40. The British Back Down 1931 - released Gandhi from jail & negotiated with him as an equal. 1935 - Indian got a new constitution. 1942- called on British to “Quit India” – civil disorder campaign – arrested & jailed.

41. The Muslim League Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) Feared Hindu domination of an independent India ruled by Congress Party. Made Muslim separation from Hindu majority a nationalist issue. In 1940 Jinnah told a Muslim League conference that Britain should give Indian Hindus & Muslims separate homelands – Gandhi appalled “victory of hate over love”

42. Independence But Partition Britain agreed to speedy independence in 1945, but murderous clashes between Hindus and Muslims in 1946 led to a delay. In the end... India’s last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten (1900-1979) proposed partition. Both sides agreed. One fifth of humanity gained independence on August 14 th 1947.

44. The Tragedy of Partition Massacres and mass expulsions. 100,000 slaughtered & five million refugees Gandhi said “What is there to celebrate? I see nothing but rivers of death.” Gandhi was gunned down in January 1948 by a Hindu fanatic, while announcing a fast to protest Hindu persecution of Muslims.

45. Refugees

46. Modern India Largest democracy in the world Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister for the next 17 years Democracy, Unity, & Economic Modernization Challenges: Kashmir= years of conflict that continues today Cold War alignment= NON Alignment Movement Industrialization= slow but coming Social and cultural issues= continuous challenges with progress Caste system Economic Women’s rights

47. Kashmir Border both India & Pakistan Hindu leader with large Muslim populations 1947-Pakistan invaded leading Kashmir to align with India fighting cont.’d until 1949. Cease fire lead to 1/3 control by Pakistan 2/3 by India. 1962- China seized part of Kashmir 1972- Indian and Pakistani forces fought again Today: tensions continue and flare up intermittently

48. Nehru’s Family Rules 1964 Nehru dies Congress Party left with no strong leader 1966 Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister (Nehru’s daughter) 1980 re-elected (after a short period out of office) Increased food/grain production Faced a threat from Sikh extremists agitating for an independent state 1984 500 were killed in a violent demonstrations 2 months later her Sikh bodyguards shot her 1984-89 Rajiv Gandhi leader / charged with corruption 1991 killed by a bomb while campaigning near Madra

49. Independence in Africa The Colonial Divisions of Africa and the Emergence of New Nations

50. Africa Nationalists composed of ex-servicemen, urban unemployed & under- employed, and the educated. Pan-Africanism (Marcus Garvey) and Negritude (Senghor) Senghor (Senegal) and Dubois (African- American)

51. Africa 1957, Gold Coast (renamed Ghana) independence, led by western- educated, Kwame Nkrumah. By 1963, all of British- ruled Africa, except Southern Rhodesia, was independent.

52. Africa French-Ruled: Initially more resistant than the British. Encouraged closer French ties- assimilation, not autonomy. Not willing to go far enough in granting rights. With exception of Algeria, by 1960 had granted independence.

53. Leopold Sedar Senghor Western educated Francophone intellectual from Senegal Poet who became first president of Senegal. Advocated democratic socialism and negritude.

54. Leopold Sedar Senghor Negritude: validation of African culture and the African past by the Negritude poets. Recognized attributes of French culture but were not willing to be assimilated into Europe. "L'èmotion est nègre, la raision est héllène." (emotion is Negro, reason is Greek) "Negritude is the totality of the cultural values of the Black world."

55. Violent & Incomplete Decolonization Presence of European immigrant groups impeded negotiations  violence. Kenya, Palestine, Algeria, and southern Africa Vietnam’s de-colonization complicated by France’s colonial ties and cold war politics.

56. Middle East: Palestine & Israel Zionism 1917 Balfour Declaration Immigration of Jews to Palestine European Holocaust Increase of migration 1947- end of British mandate of Palestine and failed UN partition solution 1948 establishment of Israel Regional conflicts->

57. Kenya Presence of settlers prevented smooth transition of power. Kenya (20,000 Europeans only) led to violent revolt. Mau-Mau Revolt, 1952, led by Kikuyus suppressed by British. 1963 independence granted to black majority, led by Kenyatta.

58. South Africa 4 million white residents After 1901, denied civil rights to black population Strong economy, both mining & industry Black workers demanded change Afrikaner-dominated (white) National Party won 1948 election

59. Apartheid

60. South Africa Apartheid 87% of land for whites; others classified by race No protests tolerated (African National Congress, Mandela, Sharpeville massacre 1960) Evoked international opposition 1989, end of apartheid F. W. de Klerk 1990s: black government elected 1994, Nelson Mandela: 1 st black president

61. Vietnam French rule since 1880s –rice, mining, and rubber exports Rise of foreign educated intelligentsia (Ho Chi Minh) Formation of Viet Minh in 1941 Guerrilla War with France (1946-1954) (aided by China) Divided country in 1954 (Geneva Conference) led to gradual US entry to contain communism.

62. Vietnam Cold War stalemate Viet Cong Bombing campaign (President Johnson), ground troops in 1965 Until 1973  Paris Peace Accords 1975, last American troops leave

63. Women as leaders in the movement Women fought alongside men in whatever capacities were permitted in Algeria, Egypt, China, Vietnam, India and elsewhere. China, 1942: “ The fighting record of our women does not permit us to believe that they will ever again allow themselves to be enslaved whether by a national enemy or by social reaction at home.” Women given constitutional rights but social and economic equality rarely achieved in postcolonial developing nations.

64. Fall of Empire: Fall out & Legacy Colonial footprint Problems of Transition Problems of Identity

65. Challenges of Independence Ethnic disputes Dependent economies Growing debt Cultural dependence on west  religious revivalism as backlash Widespread social unrest Military responses to restore order Population growth Resource depletion Lack of middle class in some locales Education deficit and later, brain-drain. Neo-colonialism through economic debt.

66. Conclusions Decolonization was sometimes a violent process- dependent in large part on how many settlers had come to the colony. In many parts of world, decolonization was not revolutionary. Power passed from one class of elites to another. Little economic and social reform occurred. Significant challenges faced independent nations. Western economic dominance of the global trade system continued unabated. WHY?