1. Satellite data products to support climate modelling –Land Cover Finnish Environment Institute Pekka Härmä Markus Törmä Suvi Hatunen

2. Background In the standard versions of SNOWCARBO models Land cover is descibed using Global Land Cover characteristics data base (USGS) Old data set: Based on EO data received early 1990 ! Global data set feasibility for regional modeling in nordic boreal conditions ? Up-to-date land cover data sets now available in different resolutions (25m-300m) Enhanced land cover information for the modling

3. Content 1.Global Land Cover characteristics data base 2.Description of alternative data sources for land cover in northern Europe Corine Land Cover GlobCover Land cover based on MODIS products 3.Proposed land cover data for the modeling in SNOWCARBO

4. Global Land Cover characteristics data base Produced by the U.S. Geological Survey Based on time series of satellite data (NOAA AVHRR) with 1 km spatial resolution received in 1992-1993 Monthly NDVI maximum values Unsupervised classification and data integration with map data (DEM, ecoregions, etc) Nomeclature: 94 land cover categories defined by Olson 1994 (Global ecosystems framework) Spatial distribution of land cover categories for the modeling

5. Global Land Cover characteristics data base Modified by Max Plank Institute Allocation of land surface parameters for each Olsson ecosystem type Background surface albedo α s, Surface roughness length due to vegetation z 0,veg, Fractional vegetation cover c v, L Leaf area index LAI for the growing and dormancy season, Forest ratio or fraction cf, Plant-available soil water holding capacity W ava, Volumetric wilting point f pwp Gives the characteristics of vegetation and soils for the models

6. CORINE Land Cover European Land Cover data Funded by European Environmenrt Agency and MS versions 1990, 2000, 2006 Changes 1990-2000; 2000-2006 44 land use and cover classes vector data with MMU of 25 ha (100 m and 250 m raster) Land cover changes mapped with MMU of 5 ha Production method Based on high resolution satellite data (20-30 meter resolution) Produced by national teams Coordinated, validated by EEA Visual interpretation in most countries Automated processing chains (Fin, Swe, No, …) Continuous program Future updates part of GMES land monitoring Next update 2012

7. CORINE Land Cover in Finland Standard version of Corine Land Cover does not meet national data needs SYKE has produced also a national version of CLC data High spatial resolution (25*25 m raster) Land cover changes (mmu 0.5 – 1 ha) More detailed nomenclature with national land cover categories included In Finland versions 2000 and 2006 Land cover changes 2000-2006 Next update 2012; changes 2006-2012 National cooperation SYKE, Metla, GL MML, VRK, Tike, Mavi Utilization of existing data sources from different organizations

8. Corine Land Cover 2000 Corine Land Cover changes 2000-2006 Corine Land Cover 2006 An example

9. Land Cover changes 2000-2006 Changed areas cover 4.2 % of the total area of Finland Forest cuttings and regrowth about 90 % build-up sprawl 2 % Clearance for agriculture 5 % Reforestation of agricultural areas 2 % As a result Area of build-up areas and agricultural areas increases Area of forests decreases (regarded as source of co2) New agricultural areas (blue) and build-up areas (red) 2006 Rakennet ut alueet Peltom aat Sulkeutun ut metsä vähäpuusto inen metsä kosteik otvedet Rakennetut alueet10,80,0 4,20,0 Peltomaat61,90,0 256,31,00,0 2000 Sulkeutunut metsä164,9276,70,06515,522,90,0 vähäpuustoinen metsä66,8228,96229,90,118,50,0 kosteikot2,2219,80,0 76,80,0 vedet1,50,0

10. GlobCover v2.2 Most recent global land cover data Funded by ESA Produced by Medias France, Brockmann Consult, UCL, JRC, UCL, …. Based on time series satellite data (ENVISAT MERIS) with spatial resolution of 300 meters received 2004-2006 Monthly mosaics of reflectance maps (15 bands) Regional classification and class labeling with existing land cover data Global version with 22 land cover classes Regional version with 51 classes Nomenclature defined using UN land cover classification system (LCCS)

11. New regional land cover data Objective: Production of regional LC homogenous in terms of surface parameters in nordic areas of Europe Input Data Time series of global MODIS-products in 1 km resolution (produced by NASA) received 2007 and 2008 Vegetation Index (EVI)- (MOD13A3) Leaf Area Index - (MOD15A2) Albedo (MCD43B3) Processing Compute monthly (march-october) mean values (2007 & 2008) Define minimum and maximum values Unsuperviced classification Class labeling using Finnish national Corine Land Cover 2000 and GlobCover

12. Processing of revised land cover datasets for the modeling Processing steps 1.Recode into Olson land cover categories Coparison of class descriptions in different data sets Global Ecosystem Framework 1. Definitions (J.S.Olson) GLOBCOVER – Products Description manual CORINE nomenclature Comparison of surface parameters of Olson classes with local data covering Finland Forest ratio – Crown coverage maps of Finland by Metla LAI – LAI maps of Finland by J. Heiskanen (HY) 2.Filtering 3.Resample into 1 km resolution 4.Reproject into Olsson grid and projection 5.Merge new nordic data into global Olsson data set Alternative set of land cover maps for the modeling Olsson class. Corine + GlobCover GlobCover Clustering.

13. An example a. Original Olson ecosystem classification b. GlobCover recoded into Olson c. Corine Land Cover recoded into Olson

14. Olson - GlobCover - Corine Land Cover Comparison within Finnish territory Areal distribution of land cover categories compared with corresponding statistics Classification accuracy (error matrix) Remarks Proportion of forests overestimated (especially Olsson); Olson No open bogs, mires and marshes in Olson agricultural areas mostly interpreted as forest GlobCover Proportion of agricultural areas underestimated – mixed with sparsely vegetation areas GlobCover provides better distribution of land cover in Finland than Olson data

15. Olson ecosystem classification GlobCover classification Corine Land Cover+GlobCover classification Clustering analysis

16. Corine land Cover National version of Corine Land Cover GlobCover

17. Thank you