1. Lectures in Heterocyclic Chemistry
Collected and organized by
Prof. Dr. Adel Awadallah
Islamic University of Gaza
(2015)

3. Lectures in Heterocyclic Chemistry  (Collected and organized by Prof. Dr. Adel Awadallah)
Text Book
Heterocyclic Chemistry, T. L. Gilchrist
Other Books and References 
* Heterocyclic Chemistry, R. Gupta, M. Kumar, V. Gupta
* Heterocyclic Chemistry, J. A. Joule, G. F. Smith
* An Introduction to the chemistry of Heterocyclic compounds, R.
M. Acheson
* Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, edited by: A. R. Katritzky
and C. W. Rees
* Journals in organic and heterocyclic chemistry such as
J. Heterocyclic Chem.
Heterocycles
Molecules (open access journal)
Synthetic communications
J. Organic Chemistry

4. Nomenclature of Heterocyclic Compounds  Systematic Nomenclature system: (Hantzsch-Widman System)

5. Fused Rings

6. Naming Heteromonocycles Prefix (heterotoms, number, positions) + Stem (ring size + saturation)

8. Azirine
Oxepin

10. Examples: Name the following compounds

13. Indication of saturated positions
1 position (H) 2 positions (dihydro) 3 positions (dihydro + H) 4 posit ions (tetrahydro) 5 positions (tetrahydro + H)   Saturated positions receive the lower number

14. Examples:

18. Compounds containing exocyclic C=O and C=S

20. Nomenclature of fused ring systems
Prefix(O) Base component

21. Base Component 2) No, Nitrogen, oxa then thia
1) One ring only contains N, Choose it
2) No, Nitrogen, oxa then thia

22. 3) One consists of two or more rings, choose it
4) Two rings of different size, choose the larger

23. 5) Choose the one with more heteroatoms
6) Same number of heteroatoms, choose oxa > thia > aza

24. 7) Same number of heteroatoms, same oxa, thia, aza,
then choose lower numbering

25. Indicate the fusion by giving letters to the base components
and numbers to the prefix (go in the same direction)

26. Numbering substituents on fused rings:
Use rectangular coordinates
As many rings as possible lie in a horizontal row
A maximum number of rings are in the upper right quadrant
The system is numbered in a clockwise direction commencing with that atom which is not engaged in the ring fusion and is furthest to the left:
in the uppermost ring or
in the ring furthest to the right in the upper row

27. C atoms which belong to more than one ring are omitted
Hetero-atoms in such positions are, however, included

28. If there are several possible orientations in the coordinate system, a) Give low numbers for the heteroatoms as a set

29. b) Give low numbers for hetero-atoms when considered in the order (O, S, N)

30. c) Give low numbers to fusion carbon atoms

31. d) Give low numbers to indicated saturated atoms

32. Examples: