1. Heterocyclic compound
Introduction:
The IUPAC Gold Book describes heterocyclic compounds as:
‘Cyclic compounds having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements, e.g. quinoline, 1,2-thiazole
IUPAC (2009) IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology - the Gold Book heterocyclic compounds:
‘Any of a class of organic compounds whose molecules contain one or more rings of atoms with at least one atom (the heteroatom) being an element other than carbon, most frequently oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry, First Edition. Edited by Julio Alvarez-Builla, Juan Jose Vaquero, and José Barluenga, 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2011 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
Heterocyclic compounds include many of the biochemical material essential to life. For example, nucleic acids, the chemical substances that carry the genetic information controlling inheritance, consist of long chains of heterocyclic units held together. Many naturally occurring pigments, vitamins, and antibiotics are heterocyclic compounds.
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Ergot, a fungal disease of cereal grasses, is caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which produces indole alkaloids

2. Heterocyclic derivatives and classification
Heterocyclic derivatives as a group, can be divided into two broad areas:
aromatic and non-aromatic. (note : aromatic system must have 4n+2 π-electron)
1) the 1, five-membered rings are shown below, the derivative furan 1 is aromatic, while tetrahydrofuran (2), dihydrofuran-2-one (3) are not aromatic, Why?.
2) The six-membered rings below, pyridine is aromatic (5), while piperidine (6), piperidin-2-one (7) are not aromatic, why?
Most heterocycles have the same chemistry as their open-chain counterparts particularly when the ring is unsaturated.
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3. in addition to a fused rings (two rings joined at two adjacent atoms)
In general : heterocyclic is the largest and most varied family of organic compounds, heterocyclic system can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 membered rings
in addition to a fused rings (two rings joined at two adjacent atoms)
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4. Heterocyclic analogues of cyclopentadiene with one heteroatomor
Five membered monoheterocyclic*
*Organic chem. Solomons, p 655-
Cyclic compounds that include an element other than carbon are called heterocyclic compound
Pyrrole, furan and thiophene are a five-membered heterocyclic compound, We might expect each of these compounds to have properties of conjugated diene of an amine , an ether or sulphide respectively.
On this basis pyrrole , furan and thiophene must be considered to be aromatic, this is proved by NMR spectrum
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5. these heterocyclic compounds in general undergo electrophilic substitution reaction for example; nitration ,sulphonation, halogenation ,Friedel-craft Acylation and coupling with diazonium salts
The Heat of combustion indicate resonance stabilization to the extent kcal/mole less than the resonance energy of benzene (36kcal/mol)but much greater than of most conjugated diene (about 3 kcal/mol).
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6. Pyrrole
The delocalization of the lone pair of Pyrrole pushes electrons from the nitrogen atom into the ring and we expect the ring to be electron-rich and become more nucleophile.
Thus, decreased basicity of the nitrogen atom and increased acidity of the NH group as a whole
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7. Using orbital pictures, explain why?
Pyrrole is assumed to be an aromatic molecule. While Its protonated form is not aromatic
Using orbital pictures, explain why?
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8. Class exercise
1) In each of the following, encircle the stronger base:
2) If the proton was removed from Pyrrole to give the structure shown below, would it still be considered aromatic?  Why or why not?  Use pictures in your explanation.
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12. Synthesis of heterocyclic
1. from 1,4-diketones: the Paal-Knorr synthesis
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13. Paal-Knorr synthesis: pyrroles and thiophenes
Class exercise
Write the Paal-Knorr synthesis of 2-ethyl-4-methyl Furan?
Write the Paal-Knorr synthesis of 2-phenyl-5-methyl pyrrole starting from 1-phenyl-2,5-dipentanon?
-H2O
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16. 2. Knorr pyrrole synthesisα-
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18. Examples of pyrroles syntheses by Knorr method:
Write the reaction mechanism for each reaction
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19. pyrrole >furan > thiophene > benzene.
Electrophilic substitution
The aromatic five-membered heterocycles pyrrole , furan and thiophene all undergo electrophilic substitution, with a general reactivity order:
pyrrole >furan > thiophene > benzene.
This Due to the higher electron density at the carbons as shown by the resonance hybrids of pyrrole as an example .
Write the resonance hybrids of furan and thiophene
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20. Write the general electrophilic attack on furan and thiophene
Electrophilic attack on aromatic five-membered heterocycles pyrrole , furan and thiophene
Major isomer
Write the general electrophilic attack on furan and thiophene
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21. All these aromatic heterocycles react vigorously with chlorine and bromine, often forming polyhalogenated products reaction 3. while reagent N-bromosuxcinamide (NBS) give monosubstituted bromine
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30. Activity 1 in the following slid a top 200 pharmaceutical products by US prescription in open the link, choose one product, find the kinds of hetero rings system and write a short note on its used (2-5 lines only) see the example bellow
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