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3. 2 Enabling Objective(s): 3.9 DESCRIBE the characteristics and nomenclature of mines and booby traps in accordance with Countermine Measures Manual (FM 20-32) 3.10 DESCRIBE the procedures necessary to locate and mark mines and booby traps in accordance with the Countermine Measures Manual (FM 20-32)

4. 3 Characteristics of Mines and Booby traps Used to delay and disrupt use of roads and paths Divert forces to guard and clear routes Personnel and equipment patrolling roads and detecting or removing mines are prime targets

5. 4 Conventional Mines Explosive devices designed to destroy or damage equipment or personnel May be employed in quantities to form a minefield or used individually

6. 5 Types of conventional Mines Antitank (AT) - designed to immobilize or destroy tracked and wheeled vehicles and the vehicle crews and passengers. Produces two types of kills... Mobility Kill (M kill) Stop Vehicle

7. 6 Catastrophic Kill (K kill) Kill vehicle and occupants

8. 7 Anti-tank mines can be placed... Under bridges In road junctions In old tire tracksUnderneath roads In potholesIn areas recently cleared

9. 8 TYPE OF MINES n Anti-tank mines –Track width (m-kill) –Full width (k-kill) –Off route n Antipersonnel mines –Blast –Fragmentation n Bounding n Directional

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11. 10 Pattern B Effect n Large AP Mines: PMN n Wound Effect: –Lower extremities –Amputation of leg –Large wounds in thigh, genital or buttock –Opposite leg gaping wounds or open fractures –Both legs may be lost

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13. 12 Pattern C Effect n Small above ground AP Mines: PFM n Wound Effect: –Similar to Pattern A –Amputation of finger and hands –Damage to the face –Chest wounds –Blindness

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15. 14 Pattern D Effect n AP Fragmentation Mines: M16, Valmara69 n Wound Effect: –Upper extremities –Creating trauma to abdomen and head –These weapons usually KILL

16. 15 DEAD

17. 16 INITIATING ACTIONS INITIATING ACTIONS n Pressure n Pressure release n Pulling trip wire n Tension release n Time delay n Tilt rod n Impulse - Acoustic (sound) - Radio frequency - Inertia - Inertia - Vibration (seismic) - Magnetic - Electrical

18. 17 Mechanical

19. 18 Chemical

20. 19 Friction

21. 20 Electrical

22. 21 Mine fields-area of ground containing mines emplaced with or without a specific pattern

23. 22 EXAMPLES OF MINEFIELDS IRAQ

24. 23 Conventional - AP - VS-50s

25. 24 AP

26. 25 Anti-Landing

27. 26

28. 27 Used to Produce a specific effect on enemy maneuver. Cause the enemy to piecemeal his forces Interfere with enemy command and control. Inflict damage to enemy personnel and equipment. Protect friendly forces from enemy maneuver.

29. 28 Types of Minefields- determined by battlefield purpose. ProtectiveTacticalPhony

30. 29 Scatterable Mines -considered to be new threat Designed to be delivered or dispensed by aircraft, artillery, missile, hand, or ground dispenser. Have a limited active life and self destruct after active life expires. Duration of active life varies. Have a limited active life and self destruct after active life expires. Duration of active life varies. Emplaced faster Time-delay arming Remote emplacement-Can be emplaced in enemy-held territory where conventional mines are an impossibility. Increased tactical flexibility Efficient Increased lethality Readily available in the retail arms market Encountered in low-intensity operation

31. 30 Insurgent and guerrilla forces may use Scatterable mines to counter high mobility of civil and military forces. Lie on ground surface, visible on roads, hard surface and level ground; difficult to locate in broken ground or undergrowth. Scatterable Minefields can be in front of, behind, to either side of, or on top of a unit. Covered by indirect fire and may be covered by direct fire.

32. 31 Expedient Mines -constructed in the field with locally available material. Supplement a unit’s low supply of conventional mines. Hinder reconnaissance, clearance, and neutralization of Minefields. Create enemy attitudes of uncertainty and suspicion.

33. 32 Improvised Claymore

34. 33 Grapeshot Antipersonnel Mine

35. 34 Barbwire, Antipersonnel, Fragmentation Mine

36. 35 Fragmentation Grenade

37. 36 Improvised Flame Mine

38. 37 Chemical Mines Filled with chemicals (nerve or blister) Forces enemy to use protective clothing and masks and reduce advancement speed.

39. 38 Booby traps: n are a psychological weapon. n are used in conjunction with mines or by themselves. n are suited for defensive operations.

40. 39 Used for n slowing enemy advance n denying enemy use of facilities and material n warning of enemy approach n deterring enemy from using ground not covered by direct fire

41. 40 Located in various places n In and around buildings, installations, and field defenses. n In and around road craters or any obstacle that must be cleared. n In natural, covered resting places along routes. n In assembly areas n Near stocks of fuel, supplies, or materials. n Roads or rail systems. n Designed to be actuated while carrying out normal duties-cannot be specifically guarded against because there is nothing to cause suspicion. n Take advantage of human nature-can be detected because they are designed to make a person do something.

42. 41 Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) 1 st COMBAT ENGINEER BN

43. 42 IED n (DOD, NATO) A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to kill, destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may incorporate military stores, but is normally devised from nonmilitary components.

44. 43 MINE-RELATED CASUALTIES (as of 23 October 2003) 105 TOTAL KIAs SINCE 1 MAY, AMERICAN SOLDIERS ARE BEING KILLED AND WOUNDED BY IEDs ON A REGULAR BASIS! TYPEWounded In Action (WIA) Killed In Action (KIA) TOTAL Mines 50 454 IEDs48031511 UXO/Submunitions24327 TOTAL55438592

45. 44 IEDS n Increasing use of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and/or mines in roads. n Recommendations: –Do not attempt to move, or stop for, items in the road, to include: n Boxes n Bags n Debris n Animal Carcasses n UXO n Soda Cans n Broke-down vehicles n Any other seemingly misplaced Items! (Stay Alert, Common sense) –Give wide clearance to any items on the roads. –Remember the rules for obstacles – They are being observed. Hostile forces may directly target Coalition forces that stop to investigate or clear IEDS — do not stop near a suspected IED.

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47. 46 ENEMY IED OPERATIONS 1.Command-detonated IEDs are the “weapon of choice,” with 455 incidents from 1 July to 17 September 2.IED attacks are concentrated on approximately 350 kilometers of MSRs between Ar Amadi-Baghdad-Tikrit, with a localized problem in Mosul as well 3.About 50% fail to function properly, however, the enemy is learning and adapting at a rapid rate 4.Presently, IED attacks are about evenly split between hard- wire and radio-controlled, up from <10% radio-controlled through early August 5.Target vulnerable elements, with over half of the IED attacks made against unarmored HMMWVs (High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles)

48. 47 IED Charge Characteristics 1.Main charges frequently “daisy-chained” artillery or mortar shells 2.Typically, these charges are placed on the shoulders of paved roads and camouflaged. 3.155mm shells are frequently used 4.Typically, the shells are primed with a standard military electric blasting cap inserted into a wad of plastic explosive in the fuse well

49. 48 IED INCIDENT LOCATIONS ( as of 17 September 2003) FOUO

50. 49 IED Hidden in Plaster made to look like concrete block on side of road under debris Garage Door opener detonation device (Notice Wire)

51. 50 Daisy-Chain (Parallel Series)

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61. 60 IED n 130mm HE projectile in Plastic bag.

62. 61 More IED n 130mm HE projectile in burlap bag (notice wires coming out of bag)

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71. 70 Beware of Children n Use of children/teenagers to conduct attacks. –There have been several attacks on Coalition forces that have involved adolescents as either attackers or “ scouts. ” –Children have also been given explosive vests to wear then sent to coalition troops. n Recommendations: –Do not assume children are harmless! –Be wary of children approaching your vehicles, or observing your convoy from an overpass or any location for that matter. –Hostile forces could be using/forcing these adolescents to conduct attacks.

72. 71 Baiting and Lures n Feigning injury/leading U.S. forces into an ambush. –Recently, hostile forces have attempted to lure Coalition forces into ambushes by feigning injuries (resulting in Coalition force attempting to offer help being ambushed). –“ Trusted ” local nationals have led a patrol to a supposed target, only to have the patrol ambushed. Several vehicle bomb and suicide bomber attacks were made at checkpoints during combat operations in Iraq during March and April. –An Iraqi posing as a taxi cab driver feigned a break down and detonated his vehicle when four soldiers approached killing them all. –Three Rangers were killed in western Iraq when an SUV drove up to their checkpoint (along with other cars) and then exploded. –Three Rangers were killed in western Iraq when an SUV drove up to their checkpoint (along with other cars) and then exploded. –In another instance, an Iraqi at a checkpoint set off explosives hidden under his clothes wounding a number of Marines. –In another instance, an Iraqi at a checkpoint set off explosives hidden under his clothes wounding a number of Marines. –In all cases, deception was used to get close to U.S. forces and increase the effect of the attack.

73. 72 Baiting and Lures (Cont) n Recommendations: –Be aware of these tactics. Do not lower your guard at any time, and it is not recommended you stop your convoy to offer assistance to “ wounded/injured ” Iraqis. –Recommend all convoys be equipped with tow bars or tow straps for quick recovery operations after an ambush. –All vehicles need to be reinforced with sandbags to help defeat the effects of IEDs/mines/RPGs. –Always travel with casualty evac freqs.

74. 73 BOTTOM LINE Situational Awareness Be Prepared Communications Keep Moving

75. 74 Types of Traps n Bait n Decoy n Bluff n Double bluff

76. 75 Nonexplosive traps-typically used in forest or tropical regions. Turn to Info sheet 3-5-2

77. 76 Countermeasures-tactical and non-tactical actions from units and individuals which reduce the mine and booby trap threat. NOTE- although there are many detection means, experience has shown that AN ALERT SEABEE, aware of what to look for and where to look, in the THE MOST EFFECTIVE detection device.

78. 77 Mines and boobytraps can be made made out Of anything Antipersonnel Mines and Boobytraps can be placed in Narrow passages Paddy dikes Trail junctions Hedgerows and tree lines Tunnels and caves Streams, wells and natural watering points

79. 78 Antipersonnel Mines and Boobytraps can be placed in various areas... Narrow passages Paddy dikes Trail junctions Hedgerows and tree lines Tunnels and caves Streams, wells and natural watering points

80. 79 n ANY PLACE A PERSON FREQUENTLY WALKS, TAKES COVER, RESTS, OR DRAWS WATER IS A LIKELY LOCATION FOR ENEMY ANTIPERSONNEL MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS. Visual inspections-Look at areas in which boobytraps and mines are normally found and be alert for things which “just don’t look right.”

81. 80 n Mud smears, mudballs, dung, or board on road n road repair, new fill or paving patches, ditching or culvert work n Wires leading away from the side of road n Trip wires across trails n Terrain features which do not appear natural n Suspicious items in trees, branches, bushes n Markings used by enemy to indicate location of mine or booby trap

82. 81 Physical Protective Countermeasures n Properly dispose of all trash. n Wear body armor and helmet n Sandbag vehicle flooring. n Keep arms and legs inside vehicle. n Maintain proper distance from other personnel. n Don’t travel alone. n DO NOT PICK UP “SOUVENIRS”

83. 82 Marking and Reporting Mines-mark and report mine to EOD personnel SAFETY NOTE: Any available marking method may be used as long as each member of the unit understands it

84. 83 SANDISANDI STOP ASSESS NOTE DRAW BACK INFORM IMMEDIATE ACTIONS

85. 84 STOP! DO NOT move your feet if dismounted DO NOT dismount if your are in a vehicle

86. 85 ASSESS! Determine the shortest route to safety. Determine if you are in a mined area. Determine if there is a paved surface nearby.

87. 86 NOTE! Take notes on what you see. Describe characteristics (shape,color,size). Draw or take pictures. Indicate # of items. Annotate terrain considerations. Location ( 8 digit grid ). Include anything else that might be helpful.

88. 87 DRAW BACK! Stay where you are, if possible, until help arrives. Follow your exact footprints ( Probing!). Follow your tire tracks ( Probing!).

89. 88 INFORM! Pass on all information to higher HQ. Keep your HQ informed.

90. 89 SELF-EXTRACTION If you think you are in a mined area: FREEZE!!!!!!!!!!! STAND STILL! WARN OTHERS!

91. 90 CASUALTY EXTRACTION Reassure the casualty. Do not panic and create another casualty. Call higher HQ and request help as soon as possible. Clear a path to the casualty. Clear the area around the casualty. Administer aid. Extract yourself and mark your path as you go. Reenter along the marked path. Recover the casualty. Link up with help.

92. 91 MOUNTED EXTRACTION THE CONVOY COMMANDER HALTS THE CONVOY AND REPORTS TO HIGHER HEADQUARTERS. NO VEHICLES MOVE AND NO TROOPS DISMOUNT UNLESS DIRECTED TO DO SO. ELEMENTS PROVIDE 360-SECURITY FROM VEHICLES. TROOPS THROWN FROM VEHICLES SHOULD NOT MOVE. PERSONNEL ARE EXTRACTED BY USING DISMOUNTED EVACUATION PROCEDURES IF ELECTRONIC DETECTORS ARE NOT AVILABLE. FM 20-32

93. 92 MOUNTED EXTRACTION (cont) ENGINEERS, IF AVAILABLE, SWEEP THE AREA AND PROVIDE A CLEAR PATH FOR MOVEMENT. CLEAR A LANE THAT IS WIDE ENOUGH FOR THE TOWING VEHICLE. -USE ALL AVAILABLE TOW CABLES TO INCREASE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE VEHICLES BEFORE TOWING. IF AN M88 IS AVAILABLE, REMEMBER, AN M88 HAS A WIDER TRACK BASE THAN OTHER VEHICLES. FM 20-32

94. 93 Ways to avoid mines and booby traps SAFETY NOTE A booby trap too easily detected can be a ruse resulting in detonation of other explosive devices emplaced nearby Stay off trails, footpaths cart tracks, or other types of routes. Vary routes to villages. Move where local inhabitants move they know the location of most mines and booby traps and will avoid these areas. Watch buildings villagers use Watch buildings villagers use Avoid patterns-change direction. Maintain intervals of 15 meters between personnel and 100 meters between personnel and tracked vehicles.

95. 94 Ways to avoid mines and booby traps Move slowly-rapid movement causes carelessness. DO NOT drag your feet. Beware when enemy shows themselves-could lead to a booby trap. Use a lightweight stick, non-metallic rod, or the sling from an M16 to feel for trip wires. Mark detected mines and booby traps. When on roads, stay in the well-used portion and off shoulders. Follow the tracks of the vehicle ahead, stay out of ruts. Avoid holes, depressions, and objects lying on the road.

96. 95 Take immediate action when explosive device is tripped. Be alert for the “pop” of the exploding cap, the tug of the trip wire, or the warning of another individual. Sound a warning so that others may take cover. Drop to the ground immediately. Do not attempt to outrun explosion. Present smaller target to the force by pointing feet in direction of charge. Do not immediately run to aid the wounded. Second booby trap could be in vicinity. Conduct brief search for other explosive devices.

97. 96 Enemy mine indicators Indicate the location or direction of the explosive devices in some manner Any arrangement of sticks and/or stones which appears unnatural indicates a strong possibility of a mine or booby trap.

98. 97 Mines and Booby Traps Summary and Review

99. 98 Mines and Booby Traps Mines and Booby Traps What are the 10 initiating actions for mines? 1. Applying Pressure2. Pull Trip Wire 3. Tension Release4. Pressure Release 5. Time6. Electrical 7. Vibration8. Magnetic 9. Electromagnetic Frequency10. Audio Frequency What are the 4 main fuses? 1. Mechanical 2. Chemical 3. Friction 4. Electrical

100. 99 Mines and Booby Traps What are the 3 types of minefields? 1. Protective 2. Tactical 3. Phony What are the 4 types of booby traps? 1. Bait 2. Decoy 3. Bluff 4. Double bluff What is the MOST effective detection device for booby traps? An ALERT SEABEE