3.  Greek city-state that developed differently  Mountains and hills to E, W, and N with a river running through city-state  Port in the south  No coins, monuments or art  Produced the best warriors through a unique social system

4.  Hoplite – heavy infantryman with weapons  3 foot round bronze and wood shield  Bronze helmet and breast plate  Grieves – protected the shins  Spear and sword  Equipment was expensive due to bronze

6.  Old style warfare was every man for himself  Could not move fast or defend from behind  Phalanx – row of fighters  Gap in phalanx exposed weakness from sides or back  All hoplites were equal and dependent on each other  Drill and practice were critical to success

8.  35,000 people at peak  Each soldier supplied their own equipment  Goal was a decisive battle with massive slaughter

9.  Spartans kept to themselves  Instead of colonizing, they invaded Messina in 735 B.C. and took their land  Made Messinians slaves – Hellots  Hellots had to give half to their Spartan masters  Hellots revolted in 650 BC so Spartans had to maintain a high level of readiness  Spartans became paranoid about military preparedness  Focused life on developing soldiers

11.  Dual Kingship – 2 kings of equal power from separate royal families  Kings were generals of armies  One king went to war and one stayed home  Gerousia – “the old guys” council of 28 men over 60 (really old for that time)  Social system wanted to produce great hoplites

12.  Male child inspected by gerousia and if not tough enough it was left in the woods to die  Lived at home until 7 and then put in a state run school  Put in “herd” by age group  No reading and writing  Sports, gymnastics, athletics, and soldiering  Exercise program was rigorous and competitive

13.  One cloak and no shoes no matter the terrain or weather  No beds, slept on weeds gathered once a year  Constantly competed and the weak usually committed suicide  Deliberately not fed enough food to survive (counterproductive?)

14.  Had to learn to steal food or hunt at night  Taught skills for warfare – how to be sneaky at night and resourceful (Survivorman)  Fox, teacher, bled to death, hero  Stayed in school until age 21

15.  Last 5 years of school encouraged to form a homosexual relationship with a young male  Considered a normal big brother relationship  Cryptae – last year they had to spy on Hellots and assassinate bad hellots  Each year they declared war on Messina  Final exam? – kill a Hellot with no weapons to be a full Spartan citizen

16.  Syssitia – men’s club of about 15 members  Center of life for rest of life  Ate and prepared for war together  Supported by Hellots so Spartans could spend time preparing to fight  Maintained a full standing army

17.  Ate black gruel – pork, blood and vinegar  Encouraged homosexuality within the club with older and younger members to strengthen the bonds for combat  Married at 30, bride was 18-20  Bride head shaved on wedding night, put in men’s clothing in dark room, had to rape bride then leave

18.  Could not live together until 35  Had to sneak out to see wives  Women were inspected at birth and also put in the woods  Age 7 went to communal schools which also emphasized fitness to have fit sons

19.  Both sexes exercised nude – rest of Greeks thought it was weird  Assigned a husband  Spartan women had more power and freedom than other Greek women  Women in Sparta ran farms and had decision making responsibilities

20.  Gender imbalance due to purging of babies  Women had more than 1 husband in some cases  Tried to have women share brothers

21.  Sparta did not trade and they could not possess gold or silver  No currency  No literature or art  Tyrtaeus only known poet who wrote about war