1. RISE OF DICTATORS AND THE FATEFULL SLIDE INTO WAR AND CHAOS CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II

2. TOTALITARIANISM What is the difference between socialism, communism, and totalitarianism? What is the best example of totalitarianism in our world today? Why would people be attracted to totalitarianism?

3. THE RISE OF DICTATORS Germany –Hitler : pogroms (11/1938 Krystallnacht), burning of the Reichstag Italy –Mussolini: purges, Ethiopia Spain –Franco: Guernica, Spanish Civil War What about Russia and Japan?

4. Hitler The German leader Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) is surrounded in this propagandistic painting by images that came to symbolize hate, genocide, and war: Nazi flags with emblems of the swastika; the iron cross on the dictator's pocket; and Nazi troops in loyal salute. The anti- Semitic Hitler denounced the United States as a "Jewish rubbish heap" of "inferiority and decadence" that was "incapable of conducting war." (U.S. Army Center of Military History) Hitler Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

6. Jews arrested during Kristallnacht line up for roll call at the Buchenwald concentration camp. November 1938. Lorenz C. Schmuhl Papers, USHMM Archives

7. http://timewitnesses.org/english/Kristall.html

8. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vinland/ images/fake-mussolini-s.jpg

9. http://www.herodote.net/Dossier/Guerre_Espagne.htm

10. http://library.usu.edu/Specol/digitalexhibits/masaryk/stalin.html

11. http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~wwu/truth/genocide.shtml Rape of Nanking – 1937-1938

12. http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/shanghai-baby.jpg

13. http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~wwu/truth/genocide.shtml

14. Japanese Death Camps http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/ ~wwu/images/truth/genocide/ japan_deathfactory_map.jpg Everyone knows about the Nazi Holocaust, but very few know about the genocide of 13 million civilians during the Japanese occupation of China. The climax of this horror was the Nanking Massacre, the focus of this article. On December 13, 1937, the Imperial Japanese Army stormed the Chinese city of Nanking, and during the following six weeks, 300,000 people were killed and over 20,000 women were raped. Nanking's kill frequency exceeds that of the Nazi Holocaust, and most frighteningly, was not at all systematic in execution.

15. Map: Japanese Expansion Before Pearl Harbor Japanese Expansion Before Pearl Harbor The Japanese quest for predominance began at the turn of the century and intensified in the 1930s. China suffered the most at the hands of Tokyo's military. Vulnerable U.S. possessions in Asia and the Pacific proved no obstacle to Japan's ambitions for a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16. HOLOCAUST 1933 – Nazis open concentration camps 1938 – Kristallnacht 10/1939 – euthanasia of “undesirables” in hospitals 3/1941 – SS Einsatzgruppen (murder squads) formed 7/1941- Hitler urges “final solution” to “Jewish Question” 12/1941 – gassing of Jews, Gypsies, Catholics begins 9,508,340 Jews in Europe before WWII 5,962,129 Killed by Nazis = 63% of total population

17. What do you notice about the locations of death camps and concentration camps? How do you explain the difference?

18. http://www.2goglobal.com/2GoChronicals/2%20Go%20Photos/Europe/Poland/auschwitz_ii.htm

19. Jews arrested during Kristallnacht line up for roll call at the Buchenwald concentration camp. November 1938. Lorenz C. Schmuhl Papers, USHMM Archives

20. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/genocide/racial_state_01.shtml

21. May 13, 1939 In Hamburg, 1,000 Jewish refugees board the SS St. Louis, a German ocean liner, for trip to Cuba, where they hope to find temporary refuge. Cuba and Miami turn them away. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/timeline.html

22. Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945 When the British liberated the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp near Hanover, Germany, in April of 1945, they found this mass grave. It held the remains of thousands of Holocaust victims who had been starved, gassed, and machine-gunned by their Nazi jailers. This photograph and many others provide irrefutable proof of the Holocaust's savagery. (Imperial War Museum) Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

23. Jewish mother and son being rounded up by Nazis Hitler ordered the "Final Solution"--the extermination of Europe's Jews--soon after the United States entered the war. In this picture, German troops arrest residents of the Warsaw ghetto for deportation to concentration camps. Few would survive the camps where over six million Jews died. (YIVO Institute for Jewish Research) Jewish mother and son being rounded up by Nazis Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

24. What were the reasons the US gave for turning away Jewish refugees? Do you think that the US was justified in not allowing more Jewish immigrants to immigrate?

25. America First bumper sticker: "Keep Our Boys at Home" The isolationist America First Committee produced this bumper sticker in 1941 in a vain attempt to halt the United States descent into war. America First was organized in September of 1940 and attracted many prominent members, including the famed aviator Charles Lindbergh. (Herbert Hoover Presidential Library) America First bumper sticker: "Keep Our Boys at Home" Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

26. American Response Isolationism Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, & 1937 1934: Senator Nye’s investigations re: munitions “cash and carry” policy (Neutrality Act of 1939) Decline of armed forces and navy DID THESE POLICIES WORK?

27. Map: The U.S. and Latin America Between Wars Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

28. Appeasement US  legalistic neutrality/dubious morality –FDR fails to rouse US from isolationism UK  PM Neville Chamberlain organizes Sudetenland cession at Munich 1938 Hitler’s Sudetenland Speech http://www.history.com/audio/adolf-hitler-on-the- sudetenland-crisis#adolf-hitler-on-the-sudetenland-crisis France  see above USSR  Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact League of Nations  defunct

29. British Prime Ministers Neville Chamberlain & Winston Churchill COMPARE AND CONTRAST THEIR RESPONSES TO HITLER http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/images/churchill_neville_chamberlain.jpg http://www.24hourmuseum.org.uk/content/images/2005_1053.JPG

30. Timeline of Appeasement 11/1937 Hitler declares need for “lebensraum” 3/1938 Hitler orders invasion of Austria Spr. 1938 Hitler menaces Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia 9/30/1938 Munich Pact Neville Chamberlin of UK and Daladier of France try appeasement and “give” Sudetenland to Germany. Winston Churchill makes unheeded protest. 3/15/1939Germany invades Czechoslovakia Spr. 1939Hitler menaces Poland 8/23/1939Hitler and Stalin sign nonaggression pact 9/1/1939Hitler invades Poland with blitzkrieg

31. Map: The German Advance, 1939-1942 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

32. The Fall of France Poland falls in 3 weeks. Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg by May 1940. Germans by-pass Maginot Line. Allied forces are cut-off. Mrashall Petain makes separate peace with Hitler, “Vichy” regime in Southern France. France falls June 1940. Remnants of French and UK forces, approx. 340,000, escape at Dunkirk. Gen. Charles de Gaulle leads French troops/govt. in exile. http://www.sitemaps.com/Custom_Map_Design/Historical/Maginot_Line.jpg http://www.damninteresting.com/wp-content/maginot.JPG

34. Map: German and Italian Expansion, 1933-1942 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

35. The Blitz RESULT: China falls to Japan. Finland Falls to Russia. Spain falls to Franco. Czechoslovakia, Austria, Poland, Denmark, Norway, & France fall to Germany. After the disaster at Dunkirk, only Britain remains to resist totalitarianism inEurope. http://www.historychannel.com/broadband/clipview/index.jsp?i d=v3t4 http://www.historychannel.com/broadband/clipview/index.jsp?id=t dih_0311

36. Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old. (at 10min20sec) June 4, 1940 House of Commons We Shall Fight on the Beaches -Winston Churchill http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/series/greatspeeches

37. QUIZ 1.What was the name of the American isolationist movement? 2.What was the name of the British PM who tried to appease Hitler? 3.What was the name of the legislative acts intended to keep the US out of war with Europe? 4.What was the nickname of the program that allowed allies to purchase weapons IF they transported them themselves? 5.What was the nickname of the program that the US used to move massive volumes of goods and arms to its allies DURING WWII?