1. Acids and Bases: Experimental Definitions Acids: taste sour turn litmus red react with active metals to release hydrogen gas react with bases to form water and a salt

2. Acids and Bases: Experimental Definitions Bases: taste bitter turn litmus blue feel slippery react with acids to form water and a salt

3. Acids and Bases

4. Acids, Bases, and Salts Arrhenius Theory Acid: a molecular substance that ionizes in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (H + )

5. Acids, Bases, and Salts Arrhenius Theory Base: a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solution

6. Acids, Bases, and Salts Neutralization: When an acid reacts with a base, the properties of each are neutralized and the products are water and a salt. Acid + Base --> Water + Salt

7. Acids, Bases, and Salts Limitations of the Arrhenius Theory -H + ions do not exist in water solution. Protons react with water to form hydronium ions. (H 3 O + ) H + + H 2 O --> H 3 O + -The Arrhenius Theory does not explain the basicity of ammonia and similar compounds. -It only applies to reactions in aqueous solution.

8. Acids, Bases, and Salts Brønsted-Lowry Theory Acid: proton donor HA + H 2 O --> H 3 O + + A - Base: proton acceptor NH 3 + H 2 O --> NH 4 + + OH -

9. Nonmetal oxides are acidic SO 3 + H 2 O --> H 2 SO 4

10. Metal oxides are basic. Example: Lime (calcium oxide) reacts with water to form slaked lime (calcium hydroxide). CaO + H 2 O --> Ca(OH) 2

11. Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Strong acids ionize completely in water solution. 100% HCl(aq) --> H + (aq) + Cl - (aq) Weak acids only partially ionize in water solution. HCN(aq) --> H + (aq) + CN - (aq)

12. Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Strong bases ionize completely in water solution. 100% NaOH(aq) --> Na + (aq) + OH - (aq) Weak bases only partially ionize in water solution. NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O --> NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq)

13. Neutralization During neutralization, an acid reacts with a base, forming water and a salt.

14. The pH Scale pH is a means of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution.

15. The pH Scale pH means “power” of hydrogen. pH = -log[H + ]

16. The pH Scale

17. Acid Rain Nonmetal oxides present in air react with water, forming acidic solutions. Rain with a pH of less than 5.6 is considered to be acid rain. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen monoxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) are the major nonmetallic oxides responsible for acid rain formation.

18. Antacids: A Basic Remedy Hyperacidity is when the stomach secretes too much acid. Antacids are often taken to neutralize excess acid and reduce the symptoms of hyperacidity. Excessive use of antacids can lead to an increase in the pH of blood, a condition known as alkalosis.

19. Antacids: A Basic Remedy

20. SubstanceFormulaProduct(s) sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3 baking soda calcium carbonate CaCO 3 Tums® aluminum hydroxide Al(OH) 3 Amphojel® magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH) 2 Milk of Magnesia®

21. Acids and Bases in Industry and at Home Sulfuric acid is the leading chemical substance produced in the U.S. It is used to manufacture fertilizers and industrial chemicals. It is the acid of automotive batteries. Production is 40 billion kg/year.

22. Acids and Bases in Industry and at Home Hydrochloric acid has a number of uses. It is used as a rust remover, it removes lime from mortar and household plumbing fixtures. It can be purchased from hardware stores as muriatic acid. Annual U.S. production is 4 billion kg.

23. Acids and Bases in Industry and at Home Lime (CaO) is produced by heating limestone (CaCO 3 ). CaCO 3 + heat --> CaO + CO 2 Lime can be made by reacting with water to make calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ). Lime is used to make mortar and cement and to sweeten soil. Annual U.S. production is 22 billion kg.

24. Acids and Bases in Industry and at Home Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, can be purchased for home use as oven cleaner or drain cleaners. It is used commercially to make soap. Annual U.S. production is 9 billion kg.

25. Acids and Bases in Industry and at Home Ammonia is produced for use as fertilizer and in household cleaning products. Production is about 11 billion kg/year.

26. Acids and Bases in Health and Disease Concentrated acids and bases are corrosive to tissue and are health hazards. They can denature proteins in living cells. The human body has wonderful mechanisms for maintaining the proper pH of tissue, blood, and body fluids.