1. Great Lakes Region FAASTeam Date: May 23, 2015 Federal Aviation Administration Stabilized Approaches & Landings FAASTeam FAASTeam North Dakota

2. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 2 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 LET’S TALK…  I DON’T SING OR DANCE, SO YOU NEED TO PARTICIPATE  IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS, BRING THEM UP WHILE WE’RE ON THE SUBJECT

3. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 3 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Purpose of this event: Raise Awareness of the Issues Communicate safe landing guidelines and best practices

4. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 4 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Here’s what we have learned… Stabilized Approach Criteria has successfully elevated the in-cockpit awareness of risk during approaches. However, runway accidents are still at the top of the list.

5. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 5 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Runway Excursion?...

6. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 6 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 vs. Runway Incursion… A runway incursion is an incident at an airport which adversely affects runway safety.

7. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 7 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Approach & Landing Accidents: National: 2008 - 2011 Accidents – Approach and Landing

8. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 8 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Environmental Issues:

9. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 9 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Top Four Environmental Causal Factors: Wind (142) Object / Animal / Substance (80) Terrain (60) Runway / Land / Takeoff / Taxi / Surface (44) Honorable Mention: Temperature / Humidity / Pressure (28)

10. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 10 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 2008-2011 Human Factors

11. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 11 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Top Five Human Factors: Use of Equipment and information (58) Action (37) Information Processing and ADM (18) Attention and Monitoring (12) Planning and Preparation (12) Honorable Mention: Experience and Qualifications (9) Perception, Orientation, or Illusion (7)

12. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 12 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Runway Excursion Accidents…

13. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 13 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Common results…

14. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 14 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Approach & Landing data to date…

15. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 15 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Runway Excursion Accidents…

16. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 16 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Accidents last 5 years…

17. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 17 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Excursion break down… Takeoff landing

18. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 18 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Related factors… The FSF cites the major risk factors in landing excursions were: go-around not conducted, long landings, ineffective braking (contaminated runways), gear malfunctions, and fast approaches and landings.

19. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 19 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Landing Certification Criteria… FAR Section 25.125 specifies the requirement to provide landing distances, defined as: the horizontal distance necessary to land from a point 50 feet above a dry hard surface and come to a complete stop.

20. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 20 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 And… The aircraft must be in the landing configuration, having flown a stabilized approach at a speed of not less than VREF down to the 50 foot height, amongst other requirements.

21. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 21 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 And… The Flight Test Guide for the Certification of Transport Category Airplanes, Advisory Circular 25-7A, provides manufacturers with guidance to ensure compliance with the regulations.

22. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 22 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Landing Certification… Distances are treated in two parts: –the airborne distance from 50 feet to touchdown, and –the ground distance from touchdown to stop

23. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 23 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Landing Certification… Airborne Distance –3 or 3½ degree approach path –Sink rates as much as 8 feet per second at touchdown (480 fpm)

24. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 24 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Landing Certification… Ground Distance Transition within 2 sec. Based on FULL Braking

25. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 25 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 FAA Opinion on Certification… “Landing distances determined during certification are aimed at demonstrating the shortest landing distances… Therefore, the landing distances determined under 14 CFR Part 23.75 and 25.125 are much shorter than the landing distances achieved in normal operations”. (AC 91-79, App. 1, p. 8)

26. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 26 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015

27. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 27 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Threats to Safe Landings… According to AC 91-79: Un-stabilized Approach Excess Airspeed Excess Threshold Crossing Height Landing Long (Beyond the touchdown zone) Adverse wind conditions Failure to assess required landing distance

28. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 28 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Un-Stabilized Approach… There are strong associations with unstable approaches and long/hard/fast landings However data exists to show that landing risks exist following both stabilized and un-stabilized approaches Failure to Go-Around contributed to one-third of all landing excursion accidents. Could be avoided by a go-around as required with stabilized approach criteria

29. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 29 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Un-Stabilized Approach… Why do pilots continue to attempt to salvage un-stabilized approaches? Four Possible Behaviors:  Excessive confidence in a quick recovery;  Excessive confidence because of runway or environmental conditions;  Inadequate preparation or lack of commitment to conduct a go-around; or,  Absence of decision because of fatigue or workload

30. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 30 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Excess Airspeed… Excess airspeed has been a cause factor in nearly 15% of landing excursion accidents The performance data is normally based upon Vref not Vapp at a height of 50 feet above the threshold –Corrections to Vref are meant to be bled off to arrive at threshold on speed Excess Speed affects either airborne or ground landing distances – or both

31. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 31 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 FLIGHT STANDARDS DISTRICT OFFICE Fargo, North Dakota 4620 Amber Valley Parkway Fargo, ND 581041

32. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 32 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Program Managers for North Dakota: Jay M Flowers FAASTeam Program Manager Operations, North Dakota Jay.M.Flowers@faa.gov Fargo FSDO (701) 492-5809 Jeffry Boe FAASTeam Program Manager Airworthiness, North Dakota and South Dakota Jeffry.R.Boe@faa.gov Fargo FSDO (701) 492-5817

33. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 33 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 As Inspectors and FAA Safety Team Educators… We care, and we need you to care. If that works for you, then aviation has a chance.

34. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 34 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Aviation Award Support:___________ The following is a list of awards that are supported by the FAASTeam: –Pilot Proficiency Program (AC 61-91) (FAR 61.56(e)) –Aviation Maintenance Technician Awards Program (AC 65-25) –Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award (AC 65-26) –Wright Brothers “Master Pilot” Award (FAA/FS-I-8700-2) –Annual General Aviation Awards Program

35. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 35 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015

36. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 36 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Recognizes outstanding individuals in their field roles of promoting aviation safety, education and professionalism

37. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 37 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Winners will be recognized: Locally Regionally Nationally. National winners will be recognized during: EAA AirVenture in Oshkosh Winners will receive gifts and merchandise provided by sponsors and contributors.

38. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 38 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Contact your local FAASTeam Program Manager or Flight Standards District Office for further information. Jay M. Flower FAASTeam, OPS 701-492-5809 Or Jeffry R. Boe FAASTeam, AWS 701-492-5817 Or FLIGHT STANDARDS DISTRICT OFFICE Fargo, North Dakota / 4620 Amber Valley Parkway Fargo, ND 581041 701-492-5800

39. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 39 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 This Years Sponsors:______________ Aircraft Electronics Association Aviation Maintenance Technician Society Aircraft Owners and Pilot’s Association Aeronautical Repair Station Association Experimental Aircraft Association Federal Aviation Administration General Aviation Manufacturers Association National Business Aviation Association National Association of State Aviation Officials Society of Aviation & Flight Educators Professional Aviation Maintenance Association Women in Aviation International

40. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 40 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 “I am convinced that human flight is both possible and practical." Wilbur Wright, 1899

41. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 41 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Wright Brothers/Charles Taylor:_____ The Wright Brothers had a simple fascination with flight as did their mechanic, Charles Taylor. It is their passion for aviation that has inspired these awards.

42. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 42 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award: Placed into effect on August 11, 2003, the FAA has a program to recognize those pilots who have 50 or more consecutive years of safe flight operations: the Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award Program. (FAA/FS-I-8700-2 (Rev. 1)) Eligibility: 50 years or more U.S. Piloting experience Up to 20 of which may be military 3 letters of recommendation from FAA certificates pilots who can attest to the applicants 50 years of experience. U.S. citizen for 50 consecutive years No disqualifying revocations, Civil Penalty, or Suspensions If accidents, reviewed on a case by case basis If pilot has passed away, have 2 years to receive posthumously

43. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 43 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award: Placed into effect on August 11, 2003, the FAA has a program to recognize those mechanics that have 50 or more years of aviation operations as a “master Mechanic”. The Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award Program is explained fully in AC65-26D. Eligibility: 50 years or more in an aviation maintenance career 30 of the past 50 must have been working on “N” numbered aircraft. 1 or more letters of recommendation from FAA certificated mechanics or repairman who can attest to the applicants 50 years of experience. U.S. citizen No revocations. If pilot has passed away, have 3 years to receive posthumously

44. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 44 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Where do I sign up?

45. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 45 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 http://faasafety.gov Awards: Charles Taylor Master Pilot Wright Brothers Master Pilot  WINGS  “Safety Program Airmen Notification System” or SPANS  Course acceptance and approvals  Course notifications and aviation safety notices in general. TFRs Workshops Aviation events

46. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 46 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015

47. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 47 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015

48. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 48 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015

49. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 49 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 Applications are available at:_______ www.generalaviationawards.org - and - www.faasafety.gov

50. Stabilized Approaches & Landings 50 Federal Aviation Administration May 23, 2015 The Great Lakes Region FAA Safety Team (FAASTeam) values your input. We would appreciate your feedback using the following link: http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarter s_offices/avs/stakeholder_feedback/afs/field/