1. Fire Safety and Prevention

2. Topics Goals of a Fire Prevention Program Fire Prevention Strategy
Methods of Fire extinguishing
Housekeeping Issues
Electrical Fire Hazards
Types of Extinguishers
How to use Fire Extinguishers
Evacuation

3. Fire Prevention Goals Life Safety Property Protection
The primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect building occupants from injury and to prevent loss of life.
Property Protection
The secondary goal of fire safety is to prevent property damage.
Protection of Operations
By preventing fires and limiting damage we can assure that work operations will continue.

4. The Strategy of Preventing a Fire
A fire must have three things to ignite and maintain combustion:
Fuel
Heat
Oxygen
The basic strategy of fire prevention is to control or isolate sources of fuel and heat in order to prevent combustion.
If all three are not present in sufficient quantities a fire will not ignite or a fire will not be able to sustain combustion

5. FIRE TRIANGLE ( FOH ) FUEL
A combustible substance either solid, liquid or gas
OXYGEN
usually air which contains approx % oxygen.
Heat
Required heat, it varies from material to material.

6. Risks of Fire Impact on the organisation:
Structural damage to buildings
Loss – financial, reputation, facilities, research, expertise, and lost work
Impact on the environment:
Pollution – water, air, soil, flora & fauna.

7. Risks of Fire Impact on human life:
Physical injuries e.g. burns, smoke inhalation!
Psychological effects e.g. post traumatic stress syndrome
Occupational issues e.g. loss of earnings, unemployment, work related stress.
Loss of life

8. Fire at Bradford 11th May 1985 Time? How many died? Why? 3-4 Minutes
56 people lost their lives, 265 injured
Cause – match or cigarette stubbed out in a polystyrene cup, fuelled by rubbish underneath wooden stand.
Very Poor standards of fire safety & housekeeping

9. Methods of Fire Extinguishing( SBC)
Starvation – Removal of fuel
This is a method in which the surrounding materials are removed from the seat of fire to starve, without supply of fuel the fire will be starved and extinguished.
For example – fire in a Field can be starved by removing the material which caught fire.

10. Methods of Fire Extinguishing( SBC)
Blanketing / Smothering –
Removal of oxygen
In this method the oxygen supply of the fire ares will be cut off. Naturally the fire will be off because of lack of oxygen.
For example – fire in a Bowl can be extinguished by covering it with plate
Blanket on human

11. Methods of Fire Extinguishing( SBC)
Cooling– Removal of Heat
Water is normally used for cooling the fire because it has the greatest heat absorbing
It is the best fire fighting media for solid fires like Wood, Leaves, Cotton & Charcoal .
But it should not be used in
Inflammable liquid Fires – petrol
Gas Fires - Nitrine
Metal Fires – Sodium & Potassium.

12. Housekeeping
Good housekeeping habits are an important part of a safe workplace.
Why is good housekeeping important?
To reduce amounts of flammable and combustible materials.
To reduce ignition hazards.
To ensure safe emergency evacuation of occupants.
To allow for quick emergency response.

13. General Housekeeping Guidelines
Work areas, aisles, walkways, stairways, and equipment should be kept clear of loose materials, trash, scraps, etc.
Never block aisles, fire exits, emergency equipment, or alarm pull stations with equipment or materials.
Avoid build up of combustible trash and waste such as paper, wood, cardboard, etc.
Keep use and storage of flammables and combustibles to a minimum.
Clean up all spills such as grease, oil, or water immediately. A delay could result in accidents.

14. Storage Guidelines NOTICE
No storage is allowed in corridors and stairwells. A cluttered hallway could slow down emergency evacuation.
Storage must not exceed a plane of 18 inches below sprinkler heads or smoke detectors. Storage that breaks this plane may prevent sprinkler heads from fully covering room during a fire.
NOTICE
Storage guidelines are applicable to all locations within ISU buildings and are not limited to storage rooms. This includes stored materials in offices, labs, etc.
A simulated example of how storage can protrude into 18 inch plane below sprinkler heads.

15. Storage Guidelines
Maintain at least a 3ft clearance from heating surfaces, air ducts, heaters, and lighting fixtures.
Storage of combustible materials in mechanical rooms is prohibited.
All storage must be at least 3 ft from electrical panels. In some emergency situations it will be necessary to access these panels quickly.
Improper Mechanical Room Storage
Improper Storage in front of Electrical Panel

16. Fire Safety-Electrical Issues
Electrical hazards are the cause of numerous workplace fires each year. Faulty electrical equipment or misuse of equipment produces heat and sparks that serve as ignition sources in the presence of flammable and combustible materials.
Examples of common ignition hazards:
overloading circuits
use of unapproved electrical devices
damaged or worn wiring

17. Electrical Fire Safety
Extension cords
Extension cords are only approved for temporary use. They may only be used for a period of three days or less. Instead of using extension cords contact Operations Dept. to install permanent wiring.
When using extension cords check for defaults such as frays, brittleness, or broken wires.
Never place extension cords in high traffic areas where they can be damaged by being stepped on or run over by equipment.

18. Electrical Fire Safety
Multi-plug strips
Should only be used for office equipment such as computers, printers, and fax machines.
Other common items such as microwaves, refrigerators, and copy machines must be plugged directly into wall outlets.
Multi-plug strips should have a fuse or circuit breaker and be ISI Marked.

19. Electrical Fire Safety
Avoid the following improper and hazardous practices:
Never use three prong adapters that allow a three pronged plug to plug into a two prong outlet.
Never use any item with a damaged or frayed electrical cord.
Space Heaters are not allowed in the premises
Never daisy chain or piggy back multi-plug strips and electrical cords (plugging strips and cords into each other).
Piggy-backed multi-plug strips

20. Selecting the correct type of extinguisher to use
Class
Material
Extinguisher Type
A - SOLID
SOLIDS such as paper, wood, plastic
Water POWDER Foam
B - Liquid
Flammable LIQUIDS such as paraffin, petrol, oil.
POWDER Foam CO2

21. Selecting the correct type of extinguisher to use
Class
Material
Extinguisher Type C
Flammable GASES such as propane and butane
POWDER D
METALS such as Magnesium and Aluminium

22. Selecting the correct type of extinguisher to use
Class
Material
Extinguisher Type E
ELECTRICAL FIRES
CO2 Powder

23. Types of Fire Extinguishers
Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different classes of fire.
The 3 most common types of fire extinguishers are:
Water (APW)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Dry Chemical (ABC, BC, DC)

24. Types of Fire Extinguishers
1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
Large silver fire extinguishers that stand about 2 feet tall and weigh about 25 pounds when full.
APW stands for “Air-Pressurized Water.”
Filled with ordinary tap water and pressurized air, they are essentially large squirt guns.

25. Types of Fire Extinguishers
1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
APW’s extinguish fire by taking away the “heat” element of the Fire Triangle.

26. Types of Fire Extinguishers
1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
APW’s are designed for Class A fires only:
Wood, paper, cloth.
Using water on a flammable liquid fire could cause the fire to spread.
Using water on an electrical fire increases the risk of electrocution. If you have no choice but to use an APW on an electrical fire, make sure the electrical equipment is un-plugged or de-energized.

27. Types of Fire Extinguishers
1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
APWs will be found in older buildings, particularly in public hallways, as well as in Residence Halls.
They will also be found in computer laboratories. It is important to remember, however, that computer equipment must be disconnected from its electrical source before using a water extinguisher on it.

28. Types of Fire Extinguishers
2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
The pressure in a CO2 extinguisher is so great, bits of dry ice may shoot out of the horn!
CO2 cylinders are red. They range in size from 5 lbs to 100 lbs or larger. On larger sizes, the horn will be at the end of a long, flexible hose.

29. Types of Fire Extinguishers
2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
CO2’s are designed for Class B and C
(Flammable Liquids and Electrical Sources) fires only!
CO2s will frequently be found in laboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens, and flammable liquid storage areas.
In accordance with NFPA regulations (and manufacturers’ recommendations), all CO2 extinguishers at OSU undergo hydrostatic testing and recharge every 5 years.

30. Types of Fire Extinguishers
2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable gas that takes away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Without oxygen, there is no fire.
CO2 is very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well.

31. Types of Fire Extinguishers
2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
A CO2 may be ineffective in extinguishing a Class A fire because it may not be able to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out.
Class A materials may also smolder and re-ignite.

32. Types of Fire Extinguishers
3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust. This separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air.
The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction of fire. These extinguishers are very effective at putting out fire.

33. Types of Fire Extinguishers
3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
ABC extinguishers are red. On campus, they range in size from 5 to 20 lbs.
At OSU, “ABC” fire extinguishers are filled with a fine yellow powder. The greatest portion of this powder is composed of monoammonium phosphate. The extinguishers are pressurized with nitrogen.

34. Types of Fire Extinguishers
3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types…
You may see them labeled:
DC (for “Dry Chemical”)
ABC (can be used on Class A, B, or C fires)
BC (designed for use on Class B and C fires)

35. Types of Fire Extinguishers
3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
It is extremely important to identify which types of dry chemical extinguishers are located in your area!
An “ABC” extinguisher will have a label like this, indicating it may be used on Class A, B and C fires.
You don’t want to mistakenly use a “BC” extinguisher on a Class A fire thinking that it was an “ABC” extinguisher.

36. Types of Fire Extinguishers
3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers with powder designed for Class B and C fires (“BC” extinguishers) may be located in places such as commercial kitchens and areas with flammable liquids.
On campus, you will find ABC’s in public hallways of new buildings, in laboratories, break rooms, offices, chemical storage areas, mechanical rooms, University vehicles, etc.

37. How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
P.A.S.S.
PULL
AIM
SQUEEZE
SWEEP
It’s easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you remember the acronym PASS:
Pull
Aim
Squeeze
Sweep

38. How to Use a Fire Extinguisher Extinguishers Common Features
Locking pin
Carrying handle / operating lever
Pressure gauge
Label :
Type (Water, C02, Dry Chemical)
Classification (A, B, C)
NFPA capacity Rating
Instructions
Discharge nozzle or horn

39. How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
Pull the pin…
This will allow you to discharge the extinguisher

40. How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
Aim at the base of the fire…
Hit the fuel.
If you aim at the flames...
… the extinguishing agent will fly right through and do no good.

41. How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
Squeeze the top handle…
This depresses a button that releases the pressurized extinguishing agent.

42. How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
Sweep from side to side…
.. until the fire is completely out.
Start using the extinguisher from a safe distance away, then slowly move forward.
Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case it re-ignites.

43. Points to Remember
Before attempting to use any fire extinguisher always check the label to ensure it is suitable and safe to use.
In fires involving electrical equipment and gaseous fires, the prime need is to SWITCH THE SUPPLY OFF!
Extinguishing before the supply is off may cause an explosion or electric shock.

44. Fighting a Fire! Remember - if in doubt get out! Only fight a fire …..
when an exit is to your back
when it is small and in the early stages
when you have the correct fire equipment & you know how to use it
when the equipment is depleted leave the area as quickly as possible.
Remember - if in doubt get out!

45. Indications of Fire/Emergency
Fire alarm sounder &/or strobe lights (main indication)
Other indications may be….
Flickering lights / power failure
Smoke/dust– smell &/or sight
Unusual sounds e.g. glass shattering
Unexplained spark generation
Smell of fuels e.g. gas
Unexplained heat levels

46. Your life may depend on it!
If You Discover A Fire:
Activate the alarm by operating the nearest “break glass unit”
If it is safe to do so, extinguish the fire using the equipment provided
Leave the building promptly – do not use the lift!
If you hear an alarm
DO NOT
assume it is a drill,
Your life may depend on it!

47. Evacuation Procedure (all Staff, Clients, Visitors, Contractors)
Evacuate the building using the nearest and safest exit, ensuring the safe shutdown of equipment/electricity/gas.
Visitors should be escorted to safety by the person they are visiting.

48. Evacuation Procedure
Form a single file on both sides of the corridor or stairway and leave the centre passageway clear.
Any person in common areas or moving between areas, should join the lines of people exiting the area.
The last person in the line closes the door
Evacuation marshals will sweep/search their designated areas.

49. Evacuation Procedure
Disperse from the building and go to the nearest assembly point.
The Incident Controller will provide the emergency services with details of casualties or persons needing assistance with evacuation
No person shall re-enter the building until the all clear has been given by the Incident Controller.

50. Evacuation Marshals/Sweepers
Evacuation Marshals/Sweepers are designated
for planned evacuations.
It is the responsibility of each evacuation marshal/sweeper:
To “sweep/search” all rooms in their designated area to ensure that everyone is evacuated and directed to the nearest available exit (only if it is safe to do so).
To exit via the nearest available escape route, once the search is complete.
To assemble at a designated point, informing the Incident Controller (Porter on Duty/another elected person) present of any persons in need of assistance. This information is then relayed to the Emergency Services by the Incident Controller.

51. Evacuation Marshals/Sweepers
General Rule of Thumb –
Everyone should act as an evacuation marshal/sweeper “sweeping/searching” the areas as they evacuate and directing people to the nearest escape routes.
This is of particular importance during holiday periods etc, whereby the designated evacuation marshals may not be onsite.

52. Evacuation – Do’s & Don’ts
When you hear the alarm, remain calm!
Ensure the safe shutdown of equipment/electricity/ gas if time permits
Follow any instructions given to you by a person in authority e.g. Evacuation Marshall

53. Evacuation – Do’s & Don’ts
х Take risks
х Run or cause an obstruction
х Use the lift
х Congregate outside main entrances; move away to assembly points
х Return for personal belongings
х Re-enter the building until the “all clear” has been given

54. Floor Plans Floor Plans indicate the following:
- An indicator point on the map to identify where you are located in the building
Location of nearest Staircases and Escape Routes
Location of Fire Fighting Equipment

55. Fire Action Notices
Fire Action Notices provide instructions on what to do if:
You discover a fire, or
You hear the fire alarm
They also provide information on:
Your nearest escape route out of the building
Your designated assembly point

56. Escape Routes Escape routes are clearly indicated with signage.
Ensure that escape routes and doors, including fire control doors, are kept free from obstructions.
Fire control doors must not be “wedged/propped” open. If this happens it will permit the fire to spread between sections of the building and put the escape routes in danger.

57. Fire Drills
Fire Evacuation Drills will be held periodically to ensure all staff and students are familiar with the evacuation procedure.
The Local Fire Authority will be informed of the NewBridge intention to operate a fire drill.
All staff, Occupants, Contractors and Visitors must partake in and co-operate with fire drills.

58. Evacuation Evaluation
An Evacuation Evaluation Form is available to provide feedback on the evacuation drill, so as to allow for future improvements to be made.
It is very important to complete the Evacuation Evaluation Form, particularly if:
You could not hear the fire alarm
You encountered any difficulties/problems during a fire drill
You encountered any obstructions during the evacuation

59. Emergency Numbers
If you discover a fire, an injured or seriously ill person, or another situation you consider to be an emergency, go to the nearest office and dial
101

60. Emergency First Aid Procedure
Familiarise yourself with the location of your nearest first aid kit
An emergency first aid kit are available on each floor at Security Desk

61. Safety Is In Your Hands !

62. Key Points
Never place heaters near combustible materials (e.g. curtains, furnishings, newspapers, clothes).
Check all electrical leads, plugs, sockets for loose wiring, scorch marks and fraying, and replace if necessary.
Switch Off all lights while moving out from your cabins.

63. Other Key Points Take care not to overload sockets
Remember: one socket = one plug!
If you must use an extension lead, keep the total output to no more than 13 amps. Watch out! A single kettle uses 13 amps alone.
Before leaving for home, switch off and unplug any appliances not in use and close all doors.

64. Summary Familiarise yourself with: How to raise the fire alarm
Location of your nearest escape routes & assembly points.
Location of fire extinguishers
Emergency telephone numbers