1. Monolingualism and multilingualism in Australia and Germany Michael Clyne

2. Non-indigenous history of Australia (since 1788) – Tension between English monolingualism as symbol of Empire loyalism or Australian nationalism and multilingualism as symbol of multiculturalism stemming from migration.

3. 19 C – more bilingual ed than 21 st so far Media/ business incl tenders International conflicts -> aggressive assimilation policy – 7 decades (One nation one language ideology) 1970s – pendulum swing (a) Multicultural policies (b)

4. 1970s – pendulum swing (a) Multicultural policies (b) Pressure for national languages policy accepted by government (bipartisan) Senate inquiry 1982-84 and Policy (1987) English, LM, LL, multilingual service provision; research institute

5. Remaining today: Preceded NPL - Open-ended: Matriculation in over 40 languages (some states with bonus scores) Schools of languages to teach them Govt. multilingual radio (68 langs.) and Multicultural TV – English sub-titled films; news Telephone interpreter service Census questions on language use.

6. Table 1:Top 20 LOTEs spoken at home in Australia in 2006 Top20 LOTEs in 2006 Speakers in 1991 Speaker s in 2001 Speakers in 2006 %Change since 1991 % Change since 2001 1 Italian 418801 353605316893 -24.3-10.4 2 Greek 285702 263717252222 -11.7-4.4 3 Cantonese 163266 225307244554 +49.8+8.5 4 Arabic 162855 209372243662 +49.6+16.4 5 Mandarin 54430 139288220596 +305.3+58.4 6 Vietnamese 110185 174236194858 +76.8+11.8 7 Spanish 90477 9359397998 +8.3+4.7 8 Tag./Filipino 59109 7887892330 +56.2+17.1 9 German 113335 7644375634 -33.3-1.1 1010 Hindi 22727 4781770013 +208.1+46.4 1 Macedonian 64428 7199467831 +5.3-5.8 1212 Croatian 63081 6985163615 +0.8-8.9 1313 Korean 19756 3952954619 +176.5+38.2 1414 Turkish 41966 5069353858 +28.3+6.2 1515 Polish 66933 5905653390 -20.2-9.6 1616 Serbian 24336 4920352534 +115.9+6.8 1717 French 45496 3964343219 -5.0+9.0 1818 Indonesian 29803 3872442038 +41.1+8.6 1919 Persian2523837155 +47.2 2020 Maltese 52997 4139336517 -31.1-11.8

7. Language teaching in schools Low time allocation Low participation esp. senior years Inadequate teacher supply and quality Inferior status of LOTEs /Monolingual mindset Because English is national language, choice of languages BUT problems connected with that (Policy changes)

8. Germany Migrant children discouraged by some schools from speaking L1. (Herbert Hoover School Case, 2006) BUT: Some policy recommendations transcend monolingual habitus: German National Integration Plan 2006 – recommends promotion of multilingualism, acquisition of German plus maintenance of heritage languages with certification Hamburger Modell (2007) argues for 2-way integration

9. 2005 Mikrozensus – 44.8% of all children 6-18 have migrant background (1 st, 2 nd generation). No census data on languages (citizenship and some on birthplace) – problems:

10. Minority language speakers (Kurdish, Chinese) 2 nd, 3 rd generation with German passports Ethnic Germans from Poland, Russia Stateless, other Berlin: 57,000 Tu (1988-2005), 11,500 Ru

11. Multilingualism promoted through FL teaching 1 st foreign language increasingly English in all Länder exc. Saarland – including Grade 3 and early years of primary (superseding elective migrant langs and langs of neighbouring countries and other compulsory language programs eg in Bavaria). Rationale – continuity to Hauptschule Weinrich plan (Eng as L3) and Eng as basis for multilingual studies not taken seriously.

12. European schools – 50:50 modified Content based programs mainly Eng. Some language programs in languages with migrant populations (Sp, Tu, It, Russ, Port) Limited use of community resources (esp Ru) Exceptional: NRW 19 migrant langs in 100 schools with/without migr. pop. as L3 Anomaly: L2 (Yr 7) for home bckgnd, L3 (Yr 9)

13. Academic language – MA, BA courses in Eng. (Originally intended to be bilingual) Humboldt fellows regret having little opportunity to use their German Mocikat et al – Plea to give more support for foreign academics. Students to integrate linguistically German companies – English increasingly used : amalgamations, foreign investors, foreign staff

14. Germans tend to use English with speakers of other languages, thereby weakening German’s status (Cf. Merkel, Westerwelle) despite the Graddol prediction on English. 2040 – Australia multilingual because of migration, Germany because of SLA?

15. Germany: Languages firmly embedded in curriculum More than one FL European schools (bilingual) Australia: Choice of main languages (English national language) Community language resources valued to a point

16. Multiple language examinations Government Schools of Languages Official multilingual media Past: Pluralist change easier Esp. in teaching of community languages to everyone.