2. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Lucy Capuano Brewer, Psychology Psych 05 – Chapter 12 Psychosocial Development Adolescence

3. Guideposts for Study How do adolescents form an identity, and what roles do gender and ethnicity play? What determines sexual orientation, what sexual practices are common among adolescents, and what leads some to engage in risky sexual behavior? How do adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers? What are the root causes of antisocial behavior and juvenile delinquency, and what can be done to reduce these risks of adolescence?

4. The Search for Identity  Erikson: Identity versus Identity Confusion  Marcia’s Identity Status—Crisis and Commitment

5. Erikson’s: Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 – late teens/early 20’s The primary task of this stage is to answer the question “Who am I?” The identity crisis is seldom fully resolved in adolescence; issues concerning identity may crop up again and again throughout adult life. Teens form their identity by modifying and synthesizing earlier identifications into a new psychological structure, greater than the sum of its parts. The adolescent must develop a consistent identity form their own self-perception and their relationship with others. Identity forms as young people resolve three major issues: 1.choice of an occupation, 2.the adoption of values to believe in and live by, 3.development of a satisfying sexual identity.

6. Virtue  fidelity: Sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one or to friends and companions. Fidelity can also mean identification with a set of values, an ideology, a religion, a political movement, a creative pursuit, or an ethnic group. Fidelity is an extension of trust: in infancy it is important to trust parents, in the teenage years, it becomes important to be trustworthy of oneself. Those that do not develop an “identity”, sense of self, b b b become confused and directionless.

7. Identity Status: Crisis and Commitment (James Marcia) Developed a four state of ego development or identity statuses model, related to particular types of personalities. They differ according to the presence or absence of crisis: CRISIS: period of conscious decision making COMMITMENT: personal investment in an occupation or system of beliefs – ideology. IDENTITIY ACHIEVEMENT: Crisis leading to commitment  has made choices and exhibits strong commitment towards them: wants to be an M.D., done the research as to which schools are the best. FORECLOSURE: commitment without crisis. Commitments are the result of accepting someone else’s plans for their life, without reaching a crisis. Teen will go into the family business once they graduate from high school. Large numbers of minority teenagers are in foreclosure.

8. MORATORIUM: Crisis with no commitment yet. Should I join the army, or should I work, or go to the community college, not decided quite yet. IDENTITY DIFFUSION: no commitment, no crisis; become aimless with no goals in mind, tend to be unhappy, lonely and also tend to have superficial relationships. Not sure what to do, go from job to job (low pay) until something better comes around.

9. Adolescents in Trouble: Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency What are the root causes of antisocial behavior and juvenile delinquency, and what can be done to reduce these and other risks of adolescence? Copyright (c) 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Conduct Disorder Studies indicate that conduct disorders are the largest single group of psychiatric illnesses in adolescents. Because the symptoms are closely tied to socially unacceptable, violent or criminal behavior, many people confuse the illnesses in this diagnostic category with either juvenile delinquency or the turmoil of the teen years. Children who have demonstrated at least three of the following behaviors over six months should be evaluated for possible conduct disorder: 1. Steals--without confrontation as in forgery, and/or by using physical force as in muggings, armed robbery, purse-snatching or extortion. 2. Consistently lies other than to avoid physical or sexual abuse. 3. Deliberately sets fires. 4. Is often truant from school or, for older patients, is absent from work. 5. Has broken into someone's home, office or car. 6. Deliberately destroys the property of others. 7. Has been physically cruel to animals and/or to humans.

11. 8. Has forced someone into sexual activity with him or her. 9. Has used a weapon in more than one fight. 10. Often starts fights. Researchers have not yet discovered what causes conduct disorders, but they continue to investigate several psychological, sociological and biological theories. Psychological and psychoanalytical theories suggest that aggressive, antisocial behavior is a defense against anxiety, an attempt to recapture the mother-infant relationship, the result of maternal deprivation, or a failure to internalize controls. Sociological theories suggest that conduct disorders result from a child's attempt to cope with a hostile environment, to get material goods that come with living in an affluent society, or to gain social status among friends. Other sociologists say inconsistent parenting contributes to the development of the disorders. Finally, biological theories point to a number of studies that indicate youngsters could inherit a vulnerability to the disorders. Children of criminal or antisocial parents tend to develop the same problems. Moreover, because so many more boys than girls develop the disorder, some think male hormones may play a role. Still other biological researchers think a problem in the central nervous system could contribute to the erratic and antisocial behavior.

12. None of these theories can fully explain why conduct disorders develop. Most likely, an inherited predisposition and environmental and parenting influences all play a part in the illness. Because conduct disorders do not go away without intervention, appropriate treatment is essential. Aimed at helping young people realize and understand the effect their behavior has on others, these treatments include behavior therapy and psychotherapy, in either individual and/or group sessions. Some youngsters suffer from depression or attention- deficit disorder as well as conduct disorder. For these children, use of medications as well as psychotherapy has helped lessen the symptoms of conduct disorder.

14. Relationships with Family, Peers, and Adult Society Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth? Changing Time Use and Changing Relationships Copyright (c) 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Relationships with Family, Peers, and Adult Society Adolescents and Parents Conversation, Autonomy, and Conflict Parenting Styles Family Structure and Mothers’ Employment Economic Stress Copyright (c) 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Relationships with Family, Peers, and Adult Society Adolescents and Siblings Adolescents and Peers PopularityFriendships Copyright (c) 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Sexuality What determines sexual orientation? sexual orientation: Focus of consistent sexual, romantic, and affectionate interest, either heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual

18. Sexuality Sexual Behavior Heterosexual Activity Homosexual Identity and Behavior Sexual Risk Taking Early Sexual Activity Contraceptive Use Where Do Teenagers Get Information about Sex?