1. Reconciliation vs. Coexistence

2. John Paul Lederach Strategies for Co-existence and Reconciliation 1.Top-down From the inside From the outside 2.Lateral (Middle-Range Leaders) From the inside From the outside 3.Bottom-up From the inside From the outside Louis Kriesberg

3. Types of Peace Separate: Disentangle ( Co-Existence) Associate: Entangle; (Reconciliation) Goal of Peace Restore: reestablish trust, value (Overcoming distrust) Build: create trust, value (Creating trust)

4. Transition from Conflict to Peace 1. Beliefs about societal goals 2. Beliefs about the adversary 3. Beliefs about the ingroup 4. Beliefs about intergroup relations 5. Beliefs about peace

5. Coexistence: It reflects an accommodation between members of different communities or separate countries who live together without trying to destroy or severely harm the other. Often, coexistence can involve competition and conflict if conducted through legitimate channels, as well as differences in values, cultural patterns, economic standing and political power. It is based on a sense of mutual tolerance and even respect.

6. Psychological Prerequisites for Mutual Acceptance (Kelman): 1. Both side had to acquire insight into each other’s perspective so that they could understand the resistance to acceptance. 2. Each side had to see that there were reasonable people on the other side and that there were issues to talk about, rather than that the two sets of demands were mutually exclusive. 3. Each side had to distinguish the ideological dreams and rhetoric from the operational programs of the other. Israel had to be persuaded that the Palestine dream of a united Palestine did not preclude the acceptance of the State of Israel and a stable peace with it. Palestinians had to be persuaded that the Zionist dream of the ingathering of exiles did not necessitate expansionist policies of annexation and settlement. 4. Both sides had to see that mutual concessions could bring about change leading toward resolution. 5. Each side had to believe that leadership changes conducive to a stable peace could take place in the other side. Israelis had to be convinced that the PLO was becoming a political organization (as opposed to terrorist one). Palestinians had to be convinced that the hard-line politics of the current Israeli government could become more conciliatory. 6. Each side had to see responsiveness to its human psychological needs by the other side through symbolic gestures.

7. Integration Coexistence Coercion Instable

8. What is Reconciliation? 1.Truth 2.Justice 3.Forgiveness/remorse 4.Safety/Security

9. The Foundations of Political Life 1. Unpredictability 2. Irreversibility Ability to forgive Ability to make promises Hannah Arendt The Human Condition

10. When is reconciliation an appropriate framework? When you can’t get what you want without the help of the other.

11. Definition of Trust: belief in, and willingness to act on the basic of, the words, actions, and decisions of another Trust has relevance only to situations in which there exists some degree of uncertainty or risk.

12. The Paradox of Trust: You need trust to develop trust.

13. Player A Player B CD C4,41,3 D3,12,2 Rousseau: Development of Civil Society Common Knowledge

14. Trust/Distrust Trust: Confident positive expectations Distrust: Confident negative expectations All relationship are degrees of trust and distrust: CBT, CBD, IBT.&IBD. Creating trust in a relationship is initially a matter of building CBT

15. Calculation-based Trust (CBT) i) People will do what they promise because they fear the costs of not doing it and because they want the rewards ii) Professional relationship that are task oriented iii) Goal are external to the relationship iv) Tend to be partial and fragile – although they can also be the early stages of a more intimate personal relationship.

16. Identification-based trust i) Identification with another’s desires and interests: understand and appreciate what the other wants. ii) True affirmation of the strength of IBT is when the other party act more zealously in behalf of your interests than you would do. iii) Collective identity; creating joint products and goals or commitment to commonly shared values

17. Calculation-based Trust Trusting what someone does Identification-based Trust Trusting what someone is about

18. Actions that build CBT We tend to see people who act consistently and reliably as credible and trustworthy. 1. Behave in appropriate and consistent ways 2. Meet deadlines 3. Perform task and follow through with planned activities as promised

19. Strategies to manage CBD (1) Agree explicitly on expectations – tasks, deadlines, penalties, etc. (2) Agree on monitoring and verification procedures (3) Cultivate alternative ways to have one’s need met (4) Increase the other’s awareness of how their performance is perceived Example: Decommissioning in Northern Ireland

20. Actions that build IBT (1) Spend time sharing (2) Common interests (3) Common goals and objectives (4) Similar reactions to common situations (a) Situations where they stand for the same values and principles, thereby demonstrating integrity (5) Find ways to demonstrate that you have the interests of the other at heart (6) We are likely to build IBT only with those whom we feel we legitimately share goals, interests, perceptions and values and if we meet under circumstance that facilitate our learning about this similarity.

21. Strategies to manage IBD (1) To develop sufficient CBT so that the parties with straightforward behavioral expectations that each has about the relationship (2) Opening acknowledge areas of mutual distrust and design safeguards (3) Design ways to keep IBD issues form interfering with ability to work together