1. GCSE
SETTLEMENT

2. Variation 1: SITE FACTORS 1 - Protection / Defence
It was especially important to protect settlements from those who wished to attack. A good vantage point to watch for this was a hill, and many castles and forts were built on hills to watch for attackers.

3. Variation 1: SITE FACTORS 2 – Plenty of Water
Washing, drinking and cooking all need water, and it was vital to have an adequate supply especially during the summer. Rivers are also good for transport. Springs, wells and rivers provided supplies.

4. Variation 1: SITE FACTORS 3 – Not Too Much Water
It was important then and is still important to ensure that settlements are not built on areas that will flood, or are marshy (as the settlement will sink). This isn't always possible to see, particularly if the floods only occur every few years, or there isn't a flood whilst building the settlement.

5. Variation 1: SITE FACTORS 4 – Rivers
Rivers can be useful supplies of water in themselves, or agents of flooding. But what is important about rivers as a site factor is that they can be crossed, either by bridge or ford. A river that couldn't be crossed would have been a problem for early settlements, if they couldn't escape across a river during an attack. Rivers can now be crossed by building bridges, but these are expensive.

6. 5 – Building Materials Variation 1: SITE FACTORS
Either wood or stone was needed to build early settlements, so a forest, wood or hillside with crags was needed to provide the materials. This is not so important today, as houses are built of brick and slate, which are easily provided.

7. 6 – Supply of Wood Variation 1: SITE FACTORS
Not as important today, but early settlements would need wood for fuel. It was therefore vital that the settlement was near trees.

8. Variation 1: SITE FACTORS 7 – Flat Land
It is extremely difficult to build a settlement on land with a gradient (such as a hillside) and so land should be flat wherever possible. This should not be confused, as it often is, with low-lying land: the top of a high hill or plateau could be flat too. It is possible to build a settlement now on a gradient, but it is much more time consuming and expensive.

9. 8 – Shelter Variation 1: SITE FACTORS
It is important the direction that the settlement faces, and this is geographically known as aspect. In early settlements, it was important that agricultural land faced south so that the sun shone directly on the land. Building a settlement in a valley provided a way to keep out of harsh winter winds.

10. Variation 1: SITE
This is the actual place where a settlement is located.
E. g. on a river bend, on top of a hill, etc.

11. Variation 2: SITUATION
The location of a settlement in relation to the surrounding area.
E. g. ‘near a bridging point’ or ‘on a route centre’.

12. The purpose for which the settlement grew up.
Variation 3: FUNCTION
The purpose for which the settlement grew up.
E. g. port, ecclesiastical centre, regional centre, industrial centre, newtown, etc.

13. The shape of the settlement.
Variation 4: FORM
The shape of the settlement.
There are six forms shown on your handout which will now be covered in detail. Add any extra notes to your sheet.

14. Variation 4: FORM 1 – Isolated
This is usually a farmhouse found either in areas of extreme adverse physical conditions or in areas of pioneer settlement where land was divided into planned lots.

15. Variation 4: FORM 2 – Dispersed
This consists of buildings, perhaps forming a hamlet, and separated from the next small group of buildings by km.

16. Variation 4: FORM 3 – Nucleated
Buildings grouped together, originally for defensive purposes as well as for social and economic reasons. Usually found around a cross-roads

17. Variation 4: FORM 4 – Loose Knit
Similar to the nucleated type, but the buildings are not so close together. They are spread out around the settlement.

18. Variation 4: FORM 5 – Lineated
The buildings in this type of settlement are strung out along a road, river, dyke or canal in a line.

19. Variation 4: FORM 6 – Planned
These are near enough to large cities to house the workforce. Tend to contain small crescent shaped estates with individual buildings on.

20. PULL FACTORS (Why people are attracted to another place)
Better job opportunities
Electricity and a better standard of living
EDUCATION for themselves and their children – education is seen as the way out of the poverty trap
HOSPITALS – better health care and vaccinations
Feel safe – police force
PUSH FACTORS (Why people leave a particular area)
Disease
To escape a natural disaster
Not enough land to go around
Large family sizes and absence of contraception (condoms,pill) means that there are many unemployed
Crop failure – people are starving so flee to the city to start a new life
Lack of government investment in rurul areas
Heard of friends / family who have “made it” in the city and so go and join them

21. Urbanization: (= an increasing number of people living in urban areas (cities)). There are 3 main causes of this:
People migrating from the countryside to the city (common in LEDCs – eg Mexico City)
People migrating from other countries (international migration)
More babies born to the people who migrate to the city – who are generally young anyway
In MEDCs the reverse is often occuring where people are moving from the city into the countryside = COUNTER-URBANIZATION

22. CASE STUDY MEXICO CITY URBANIZATION - VIDEO
PUSH FACTORS FROM RURAL AREAS
From Puebla
No work
Poor contraception
Few schools
Poor healthcare
80% no running water
Trade and communications difficult
PULL FACTORS TO URBAN AREAS
To Mexico City – to Valle Gomez = Shanty Town
Jobs
Healthcare
Schools
Entertainment – BRIGHT LIGHTS EFFECT
Better standard of living
Heard of family / friends who have made it in city
PROBLEMS FOR MEXICO CITY
Government cannot cope with housing demands
Lead pollution from cars – like smoking 60 cigs per day
Have to work 16hr day
12,000 tons of toxic smog per day
11,000 tons rubbish generated
Water pollution > goes into farms and affects fruit sold and goes through food chain
Gap between rich and poor
Solutions
SELF HELP SCHEMES
= collectively working together to build houses
Free nursery care so mums can go to work and so children can go to school
New underground
New ringroads
New lead free buses
Attracting investment to city centre
Tax incentives
Need co-operation between MEDCS and LEDCS

23. SHANTY TOWNS 3. Materials 2. Names given: Favelas Bustees
Mud, straw, corrugated iron, cardboard, wood, plastic sheeting, tiles, basic building blocks / bricks
SHANTY TOWNS
2. Names given:
Favelas
Bustees
Squatter Settlements
4. Typically found on cheap
Unwanted land near rivers
Or railways or places prone
To landslides
Where poor migrants have
come to set up basic homes
using whatever materials
they can – eg Mexico City
5. Origin of people
Most are rural migrants
They move in steps – from rural areas to small towns – then large towns – then cities
6. Sense of community
Everyone is in it
Together. Chance of starting
A self help scheme
7. Conditions and problems
Few doctors in their local area – have to travel a long way
Poor infrastructure (roads) – eg South Africa
Water has initially to be collected – not piped to the house
Long hours – low pay – eg taxi drivers
Education costs and often have to send children a long way in the city

24. Case Study: Urbanisation In Cairo, Egypt (Geoactive 156)

25. Push Factors - from countryside
Drought in desert
unreliable weather, bad for growing crops, no water.
unreliable water supply, runs out.
no jobs
unpleasant conditions

26. Pull Factors - to urban areas
Irrigated, fertile land on the Nile delta
reliable water supply
“bright lights of city” effect
job opportunities
inertia - if people move, others will follow

27. New, modern European additions to the city, such as Parisian style boulevards and commercial centres, as well as bridges and transport links.
New suburbs built.
Egypt becomes free of European control.

28. Urban Problems
Strain on services - demand for piped water, sewers, schools, paved roads and electricity.
Traffic congestion, air pollution and water pollution
housing shortages - people live in The City of the Dead = old cemetary

29. Lack of permanent jobs
illegal housing is built on ‘green’ land, and protected farmland
overcrowding, lack of basic sanitation and poor refuse collection, in temperatures of 40oC +, leads to disease and illness.
3 million people now live in the city of the dead in the tombs of old Cairo
people are squatters on rooftops of office buildings and flats in home made huts

30. Private landlords illegally add extra storeys to their existing blocks of flats
rich poor imbalance - very few rich, many poor
no enforcement of catalytic converters on cars, or unleaded fuel, this leads to toxic smog
low pay for jobs, and unskilled jobs are hard to come by
polluted sewage water raises the water table, and rots the foundations of buildings

31. Solutions Gentrification - improving city
building a new sewage system (greater Cairo sewage project)
Zabbaleen people given official contract to collect waste and sewage

32. New satellite and dormitory town are built in areas around Cairo
a massive new ring road and metro system have been built
waste is seen as a resource
a drop in birth rate may be the best solution long-term

33. What do you need to know today?
Urban Structure
What do you need to know today?
Differences in the structure of urban areas can lead to differences in the quality of life of the inhabitants.
2. Urban models attempt to show those differences.

35. Urban Model 1: Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model
Burgess suggested that towns grew outward from the centre in a concentric pattern. This means that buildings become more recent closer to the edge of a city. It is possible that up to 5 rings may develop:
A - Central Business District (CBD):
- most accessible to the largest number of people
- contains services such as shops, offices, banks, etc.
- multi-storey buildings as land is very expensive (build upwards to save cost)

36. CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT

37. Urban Model 1: Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model
B - ‘Twilight Zone’ - has 2 sections:
1 - wholesale light manufacturing (transitional)
2 - low class residential (old inner city areas):
- 19 Century terraced buildings
- no gardens
- cheap, dirty slum areas
- GRID IRON street pattern
- high rise blocks were built after slums were pulled down
- attract crime
- old industries found here

38. Inner City

39. INNER CITY HOUSING: SMALL, RUN DOWN, OLD, UGLY, CHEAP = TERRACED (SEVERAL LINKED)

40. £49,500 INNER CITY

41. Urban Model 1: Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model
C - Council Estates:
Semi-detached housing with gardens in large estates. Less expensive private estates also here. Not top quality (medium class residential). INTER WAR AREA
D - Commuter Zone:
High class residential area. Private, top quality housing. Detached and semi-detached on cheap land. People can live here as are prepared to pay to get to work.

42. INNER SUBURBS - Medium Quality Residential

43. OUTER SUBURBS - High CLASS RESIDENTIAL

44. £695,000

45. Urban Model 1: Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model
E - Countryside Areas
(suburb / exurbs):
Countryside surrounding the urban area. Can also contain villages / hamlets in which town / city workers live.

46. Countryside and Greenbelt land

47. Increase in vegetation
City Transect
Increase in vegetation
This city transect shows a cross section through a city. The CBD is located in the centre of the diagram and the other areas are clearly marked. On your diagram, add 10 labelled arrows which show changes in the three quality of life environments towards and away from the centre of the city. Examples: traffic, costs, vegetation, etc.

48. City Transect Examples of labels Increase in vegetation
Increase in building height
Decrease in traffic congestion
Increase in crime
Increase in housing cost
Decrease in space
Decrease in land costs
Increase in competition for land
Decrease in services
Decrease in car ownership

50. Urban Model 2: Hoyts’ Sector Model
Hoyt proposed the idea that towns grew as sectors or "wedges". That means that if, for example, industry grew up in one part of a 19th century town, future industry would then develop in that sector. As the town grew, so would the area of industry and therefore it would grow out in a wedge shape.
A – Central Business District
B1 – Wholesale Light Manufacturing
B2 – Low Class Residential
C – Council Estates
D – Commuter Zone (Suburbs)
E - Countryside

51. Urban Model 3: LEDC Model
Cities in LEDCs have a very different land use pattern to those in MEDCs. The CBD is dominated by modern administrative and commercial activities. Richer people live in modern high-rise apartments around the CBD. Recently arrived migrants from rural areas live in derelict land and on the outskirts.
Housing quality decreases with distance from the CBD, unlike in MEDCs, where quality increases with distance from the CBD.