1. The Skeletal System
PAF3O
PERSONAL FITNESS

2. Overview TODAY Anatomical Language Bones TOMORROW (Wed, April 8)
Inert Tissues
Joints
THURSDAY, APRIL 9
QUIZ!
Muscular System
FRIDAY, APRIL 10
Muscular System Cont’d
NEXT WEEK
QUIZ! (Muscular System)
UNIT TEST

3. Why Do We Have an Internal Skeleton?

4. Anatomical Language… GROUND ZERO – ANATOMICAL POSITION
The body is assumed to be standing, the feet together, the arms to the side, and the head and eyes and palms of the hands facing forward.
In the Anatomical Position, the thumb is a lateral structure, not an anterior one

5. Anatomical Language… PLANES Frontal/Coronal Plane Sagital/Median Plane
Transverse Plane

6. Anatomical Language…
Sagittal plane – Divides body into right and left halves
Frontal plane – Divides body into front and back halves
Transverse plane – Divides body into upper and lower halves
Anterior– towards the front side of
Posterior – towards the backside of
Superior – above
Inferior – below
Medial – towards the midline
Lateral – away from the midline
Superficial – towards the surface
Deep – away from the surface
Proximal – towards the trunk
Distal – away from the trunk
Supine – lying on spine (back)
Prone – face down

7. Anatomical Language…
MOVEMENT!

8. Anatomical Language…
MOVEMENT CONT’D

9. Anatomical Language… MOVEMENT CONT’D
Flexion - where there is a reduction in the angle between bones or parts of the body. An example of arms flexing is a bicep curl.
Extension - is the opposite of flexion, and there is an increase in the angle.
ADduction –Movement of a limb towards the midline of the Body.
ABduction - the exact opposite of ADduction, movement of a limb Away from the midline of the Body.
Pronation - this is the rotation of the hand so that the palm faces down.
Supination - the rotation of the hand so that the palm faces up.
Dorsiflexion - movement which decreases the angle between the foot and the leg
Plantar flexion - the movement which increases the angle between the foot and the leg, as when depressing an automobile pedal

13. BONES
Why do we need bones?

14. BONES 5 Functions of the Skeleton…
FRAMEWORK/SUPPORT – Bones give the body it’s shape and allow it to stand upright
PROTECTION – Bones protect the body’s vital organs
MOVEMENT – Bones provide attachments for muscles to produce movement
RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION – Red bone marrow within bones produces red blood cells.
STORAGE – Bones serve as a storage bank for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

15. Types of Bones 1. 5.
Long Bones
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid 3. 4. 2.

17. BONES THE AXIAL SKELETON
The axial skeleton’s main purpose is to protect the body’s most vital organs;
The Brain
Heart
Lungs
Also acts as attachment for muscles.

18. BONES
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
The appendicular skeleton allows for movement mainly due to greater joint mobility
Also provides protection for the organ of digestion, excretion, and reproduction.

19. INERT TISSUES CARTILAGE
The 3 main structural components of the human body are BONE, MUSCLE, and CARTILAGE
Bones are rigid, while muscles stretch and bend. Cartilage is the perfect halfway point between muscle and bone. Therefore, we find cartilage in places where we need some support and structure, but a bit of flexibility as well.
Main Functions of Cartilage: Acts as cushion between bones, holds bones together (i.e Ribs), shock absorber.

20. INERT TISSUES
MENISCUS
Lateral Meniscus
Medial Meniscus

21. INERT TISSUES LIGAMENTS
Ligaments are strong bands of connective tissue that connect BONE TO BONE
Ligaments keep bones together while allowing for movement, but also prevent unwanted movement (i.e hyperextension)

22. INERT TISSUES ATFL – Anterior Talofibular Ligament
CFL – Calcaneofibular Ligament
COMMONLY INJURED LIGAMENTS
ACL – Anterior Cruciate Ligament
PCL – Posterior Cruciate Ligament
MCL – Medial Collateral Ligament
LCL – Lateral Collateral Ligament

23. Joints There are 3 Types of Joints: 1. Immovable (Fibrous)
i.e Sutures in the skull.
2. Slightly Moveable (Cartilaginous)
i.e Vertebral Joint, Tibiofibular Joint
3. Freely Moveable (Synovial Joint)
i.e Elbow, Knee, Fingers, Shoulders, Hips
The Synovial Joint contains synovial fluid which allows the joint to move freely and decreases friction

25. The Muscular System

26. Muscular System Overview
Muscles pump blood through our bodies,
move food through our digestive system, and control the movement or air in and out of our lungs
Exercise is the key to health of the muscular system
In mass, muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body
Our muscles consist of 75% water
Muscles work by CONTRACTING, they become shorter
A muscles is composed of bundles of fibers

29. Types of Muscle
Smooth Muscle (Involuntary Muscle) – Movement of internal organs (eg. Intestines, bladder, etc.). Smooth muscle is not under conscious control
Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary Muscle) – Muscles attached to bones that aid in body movements. An average adult male is made up of 40–50% of skeletal muscle and an average adult female is made up of 30–40%
Cardiac Muscle – Striated tissue that forms the walls of the heart. Striated means Marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel.

31. Skeletal Muscle Type I – Slow Twitch
Type I – “slow oxidative” or “slow twitch” muscle is dense with capillaries and is rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, giving the muscle tissue its characteristic Red color.
The slow muscles are more efficient at using oxygen to generate more fuel (known as ATP) for continuous, extended muscle contractions over a long time.
They fire more slowly than fast twitch fibers and can go for a long time before they fatigue. Therefore, slow twitch fibers are great at helping athletes run marathons and bicycle for hours.

33. Skeletal Muscle Type II – Fast Twitch
Because fast twitch fibers use anaerobic metabolism to create fuel, they are much better at generating short bursts of strength or speed than slow muscles. However, they fatigue more quickly.
Fast twitch fibers generally produce the same amount of force per contraction as slow muscles, but they get their name because they are able to fire more rapidly.
Having more fast twitch fibers can be an asset to a sprinter since he/she needs to quickly generate a lot of force.

35. Name the fibre type mainly used. Type II Type I & II Type II
Sport
Fiber Type Used
Baseball
Basketball
Cross Country Skiing
 Type I
Football
Gymnastics
Golf
Ice Hockey
Lacrosse   
Rugby
Soccer
Swimming - Sprint
 Type II
Synchonized Swimming
Tennis
Track & Field
Volleyball
Weight Training
Name the fibre
type mainly used.
Type II
Type I & II
Type II
Type I & II
Type II
Type I & II
Type I & II
Type I & II
Type I & II
Type I
Type I & II
Type I & II
Type II
Type I

37. Fiber Type and Performance
Our muscle fiber type may influence what sports we are naturally good at or whether we are fast or strong. Olympic athletes tend to fall into sports that match their genetic makeup. Olympic sprinters have been shown to possess about 80 percent fast twitch fibers, while those who excel in marathons tend to have 80 percent slow twitch fibers.

38. Can Training Change Fiber Type?
This is not entirely understood, and research is still looking at that question. There is some evidence showing that human skeletal muscle may switch fiber types from "fast" to "slow" due to training but not the other way around.
Fiber type is part of a great athlete's success, but it alone is a poor predictor of performance. There are many other factors that go into determining athleticism, including mental preparedness, proper nutrition and hydration, getting enough rest, and having appropriate equipment and conditioning.

41. Muscle Development
Hypertrophy – The growth and increase of the size of muscle cells
Example? Bodybuilding

42. Atrophy – The decrease in the size of skeletal muscle cells
Atrophy – The decrease in the size of skeletal muscle cells. When a muscle atrophies, it becomes weaker
Example? Inactivity, when a cast is put on a limb.

43. Muscular Physiology Each muscle is made up of many Muscle Fibers
Each muscle fibre is made up of Myofibrils
Each myofibril is made up of a series of Sarcomeres
The Sarcomere is made of 2 types of proteins, a thin filament (Actin) and a thick filament (Myosin)

45. How Does a Muscle Know When to Contract?
Messages from the nervous system travel via nerves into the muscle telling it to contract. A motor nerve connects to a muscle and branches out into nerve endings. It is these endings which stimulate the muscle fibres.

46. Muscle Fatigue
A muscle requires fuel and oxygen for energy. Muscles that are repeatedly contracted require a high amount of oxygen and energy. When the amount of oxygen coming in, does not meet the demands of the muscle, lactic acid is produced causing a burning sensation in the muscle.

47. QUIZ NEXT WEEK – TUESDAY APRIL 14 - MUSCLES UNIT TEST - THURSDAY