1. The Skeleton Ch. 7

2. Overview of Skull Geography
With the lower jaw removed, the skull resembles a lopsided, hollow, bony sphere. The facial bones form its anterior aspect , and the cranium forms the rest of the skull. The cranium can be divided into a vault and a base. The cranial vault, also called the calvaria, forms the superior, lateral, and posterior aspects of the skull, as well as the forehead.
The skull has about 85 named openings (foramina, canals, fissures, etc.) the most important of these provide passageways for the spinal cord, the major blood vessels serving the brain, and the 12 pairs of cranial nerves ( #’s 1-12), which transmit impulses to and from the brain.

3. Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton

4. The Axial Skeleton
Structured from 80 bones segregated into 3 major regions:
Skull
Vertebral Columns
Bony Thorax
This part of the skeleton supports the head, neck, and trunk, and it protects the brain, spinal cord, and the organs in the thorax

5. The Skull
The skull is the body’s most complex bony structure. It’s formed by cranial and facial bones, 22 in all.
Most skull bones are flat bones. Except for the mandible (jaw) which is connected to the rest of the skull by a freely movable joint

6. Inside the Cranium Frontal Bone
Shell-shaped frontal bone forms the anterior cranium. It articulates posteriorly w/ the paired parietal bones via the prominent coronal suture.
The most anterior part of the frontal bone is the vertical frontal squama, commonly called the forehead.

7. Inside the Cranium contd…..
Parietal Bones and the Major Sutures
The two large parietal bones are curved, rectangular bones that form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull; hence they form the bulk of the cranial vault.

8. The Facial Skeleton
Cameron Braddy

9. Facial Bones
The facial skeleton is made up of 14 different bones. Men’s faces are more elongated than women, meaning women’s faces tend to be less angular.

10. Vomer Plow shaped vomer, lies in the nasal cavity.
Forms part of the nasal septum.
Discussed below in connection with the nasal cavity.

11. Inferior Nasal Conchae
Inferior nasal conchae are two paired bones that are thin, curved and in the nasal cavity.
Project medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Largest of the three pairs of conchae.

12. The Coccyx Commonly referred to as our tailbone. Triangular bone
Consists of four vertebrae fused together.
Affords the pelvic organs.
Nearly useless.
Often snipped off by a physician.

13. Bony Thorax Bony underpinnings of the thorax. Roughly cone shaped.
Forms a protective cage around the vital organs.
Supports shoulders, and upper limbs.
Provides attachment points for many muscles of the neck, back, chest, and shoulders.

14. The Upper Limb, Arm Thirty separate bones form each upper limb.
The humerus is the sole bone of the arm.
At the proximal end of each humerus is smooth hemispherical head, and at the distal end are two chondyles are medial trochlea.

15. The Sternum
The Sternum is a flat bone located in the middle of the bony thorax.
Means breastbone.
The fusion of three bones, the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid.
Manubrium at the top, the body in the middle and the xiphoid at the bottom.

16. Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 7
By: Caroline Baker

17. Special Characteristics of orbits and nasal cavity: the orbits, naval cavity, paranasal sinuses, and hyoid bone.
Page:

18. The Orbits
The orbits are bony cavities in which the eyes are firmly encased and cushioned by fatty tissue
The orbits are formed by seven bones – frontal, sphemoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones.

19. Nasal Cavity
The nasal cavity is constructed of bone and hyaline cartilage. The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid.

20. Paranasal Sinuses You can see this sinuses in an x- ray image
Paranasal sinuses cluster around the nasal cavity

21. Hyoid Bone U / horseshoe shaped
The hyoid bone lies just inferior to the mandible in the anterior neck.
Neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx durning swallowing and speech.

22. Sternum, Homeostatic imbalance
Page: 226

23. Sternum
The sternum (breastbone) lies in the anterior midline of the thorax.
The sternum is a flat bone and it is approximately 15 cm( 6 inches) long.

24. Homeostatic imbalance
An inability to maintain homeostasis may lead to death or a disease, a condition known as homeostatic imbalance.( Wikipedia)
Of the sternum- in some people the xiphoid process projects dorsally

25. Forearm, Ulna, Radius
Page: 233

26. Forearm (Ulna and Radius)
Two parallel long bones, the radius and the ulna.
The ulna is slightly longer than the radius. It has the main responsibility for forming the elbow joint with the humerus.
The radius (rod) is thin at its proximal end and wide distally- opposite of the ulna.
The head of the radius is shaped somewhat like the head of a nail.

27. This picture is showing the ulna and the radius.

28. Leg, Tibia , Fibula
Page: 243

29. Leg (tibia and Fibula)
Two parallel bones, the tiba and fibula, form the skeleton of the leg, the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle.
The tibia (shinbone) receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot.
The fibula (pin) is a sticklike bone with slighty expanded ends.

30. This picture shows the tibia and the fibula.

31. Facial Bones
By: Kourtnie Moore

32. Mandible
The U- shaped or lower jaw bone. It is one of the largest, strongest bone of the face. It has a body, which forms the chin, and two upright “rami” branches.

33. Maxillary Bones
The Maxillary Bone is also called sometimes Maxillae. They form the upper jaw and the central portion of the facial skeleton. The Maxillae carry up the upper teeth in the Alveolar Margins. The Maxillae meet medially, forming the pointed Anterior Nasal Spine at their junction. The Palatine Processes of the maxillae project posterior form the alveolar margins and fuse medially. The Frontal Processes extend superiorly to the frontal bone, forming part of the lateral aspects of the bridge of the nose. The regions the flank the nasal cavity laterally contain the Maxillary Sinuses. Laterally, the maxillae articulate with the zygomatic bones via their Zygomatic Processes. The Inferior Orbital Fissure is located deep within the orbit at the junction of the maxilla.

34. Zygomatic
The irregularly shaped bones. Are commonly called the “cheek bones”. They join in with the Temporal Posteriorly and with the Zygomatic processes of maxilla Anteriorly. The Zygomatic Bones form the prominences of the cheeks and part of the inferolateral margins of the orbits.

35. PG. 220
By: Brandon Jenkins

36. Ligaments
In order for the bone structures to stand up they have to have a system of cable like supports. The strap like ligaments and trunk muscles assume that role. There are two major supporting ligaments they are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments which run a continuous band down the front and back of the spine as shown to the right.

37. Intervertebral Discs
The intervertebral disc is a cushion like pad between each disc. It has two parts the nucleus pulpous which acts like a rubber ball and gives the disc its elasticity and the annulus fibrosus which limits the expansion of the nucleus pulpous. They act as shock absorbers when your living your everyday lives. These disc are about 25% of your spinal weight.

38. Homeostatic Imbalance
A homeostatic imbalance is a sudden physical trauma to the spine- for example there is a herniated disc also referred to as a slipped disc. The disc can slip and pinch a nerve causing numbness and severe pain. They can be treated with medicine but if it fails they have to do surgery.

39. Regional Vertebral Characteristics & General Structure
All vertebrae have a common structural pattern.
Each vertebrae consists of a body, or centrum, anteriorly and a vertebral arch posteriorly.
The vertebral arch is a composite structure formed by two pedicles (little foot) and two laminae.

40. Vertebral Characteristics
Flexion and extension (anterior bending and posterior straightening of the spine)
Lateral flexion (bending the upper body to the right or left).
Rotation (in which vertebrae rotate on one another in the longitudinal axis of the spine).

41. Anatomy and Physiology
Stevie Peele
Anatomy and Physiology

42. Sphenoid Bone Butterfly-shaped
Considered the keystone of the cranium because it form the central wedge that articulates with all other cranial bones.

43. Sphenoid Bone Cont.
Within the body of the sphenoid are the paired sphenoid sinuses.
The superior of the body bears a saddle-shaped prominence is the sella turcica meaning “Turk’s saddle”.
The seat of the saddle is called the hypophyseal.

44. Surfaces
The lateral surfaces of the body are united with the great wings and the medial pterygoid plates. Above the attachment of each great wing is a broad groove, curved something like the italic letter f; it lodges the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, and is named the carotid groove. Along the posterior part of the lateral margin of this groove, in the angle between the body and great wing, is a ridge of bone, called the lingula.
 The posterior surface, quadrilateral in form is joined, during infancy and adolescence, to the basilar part of the occipital bone by a plate of cartilage. Between the eighteenth and twenty-fifth years this becomes ossified, ossification commencing above and extending downward.

45. Sphenoid Cont.
Piercing the lesser wings of the sphenoid, the optic canals allow passage of the optic nerves from the back of each eye to enter the brain and cross at the optic chiasma above to the pituitary gland. A cleft between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid, the superior orbital fissure transmits several critical structures that pass between the orbit and the brain.

46. EthMoid Bone
The ethmoid bone is exceedingly light and spongy, and cubical in shape; it is situated at the anterior part of the base of the cranium, between the two orbits, at the roof of the nose, and contributes to each of these cavities. It consists of four parts: a horizontal or cribriform plate, forming part of the base of the cranium; a perpendicular plate, constituting part of the nasal septum; and two lateral masses or labyrinths.

47. Sutural Bones Also called Wormian bones
Are tiny irregularly shaped bones or bone clusters that appear with sutures
Structurally unimportant
Numbers varies, and not all skulls exhibits them
They represent additional ossification centers that appeared when the skull was expanding very rapidly during fetal development.

48. Ischium
Stevie Peele

49. Ischium Forms the posterior inferior part of the hip bone.
Roughly L or arched- shaped
Inferior ramus that joins pubis anteriorally
Its ischial spine projects medially into the pelvic cavity and serves as a point of attachment

50. Ischium
Just inferior to the ischeial spine is the lesser sciatic notch. A number of nerves and blood vessels pass through this notch to supply the anogenital area. The inferior surface of the ischial body is rough and grossly thickened as the ischial tuberosity.

51. Thoracic Vertebrae
Stevie Peele

52. Thoracic vertebrae
The 12 thoracic vertebrae are situated between the cervical (neck) vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. The thoracic vertebrae are represented by the symbols T1 through T12.
The thoracic vertebrae provide attachment for the ribs and make up part of the back of the thorax (the chest).

53. Thoracic vertebrae cont.
There are 5 unique characteristics of the vertebrae.

54. 5 Characteristics of the Vertebrae
1.) The body is roughly heart-shaped and typically bears two facets 2.) The vertebral is foramen is circular 3.) The spinous process is long and points sharply downward 4.) With the exception of T11 and T12, the transverse process have facets that articulate with the tubercles 5.) The superior and inferior particular facets lie mainly in the frontal plane

55. Homeostatic imbalance, hand, & wrist (pg. 236)
BY Megan Carpenter

56. Homeostatic Imbalance
Colle’s Fracture
A break in the distal end of the radius
Common fracture when a falling person attempts to break their fall w/ outstretched hands

57. Hand Includes the bones of the: carpus (wrist) metacarpus (palm)
phalanges (fingers)

58. Carpus (Wrist) True wrist
Proximal part of our hand
Consist of a group of 8 marble size short bones or carpals, closely united by ligaments
Carpals are arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each
In proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, & pisiform
Only scaphoid & lunate form wrist joint w/ radius
In distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, & hamate
To help you remember: Sally left the party to take Cathy home.

59. Homeostatic imbalance, foot , tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges, & arches (Pg 243-245)

60. Homeostatic imbalance
Pott’s Fracture
Occurs at the distal end of the fibula, the tibia, or both

61. Foot Includes bones of: 2 important functions tarsus Metatarsus
phalanges
2 important functions
Supports body weight
Acts as a lever to propel the body forwardwhen running or walking

62. Tarsus Made from 7 tarsal bones: Talus & calceneus
2 largest
Achilles tendon attaches to the posterior surface of the calceneus
Cuboid, navicular, & medial, intermediate, & lateral cuneiform

63. Metatarsus 5 small long bones: Metatarsal bones
# 1-5 beginning on the medial (great toe) side of the foot
1st
Short & thick
Arranged more parallel than the metacarpals of the hands

64. Phalanges (Toes)
14 phalanges of the toes are much smaller than of the hands & are less nimble
Structure & arrangement are much the same as the hand
3 phalanges in each digit except in the great toe or hallux, which only has 2

65. Arches
3 arches in foot
2 longitudinal & 1 transverse, which account for it’s awesome strength
Are maintained by the interlocking foot bones, strong ligaments & by pull of some tendons during muscle activity
Provide springiness