1. Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University
Trent D. Stephens Idaho State University
Philip Tate Phoenix College
Chapter 07
Lecture Outline*
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Skeletal System Gross Anatomy
Chapter 7
Skeletal System Gross Anatomy

3. Skeletal System Provides framework
Without skeleton, muscles couldn’t move body
Components
Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
Relationships among bones and soft tissues

4. Skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Skull Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Thoracic (rib) cage
Appendicular skeleton
Limbs
Girdles

5. The Complete Skeleton

6. Anatomic Bone Features
Terms
Body: Main part
Head: Enlarge end
Neck: Constriction between head and body
Margin or border: Edge
Angle: Bend
Ramus: Branch off body
Condyle: Smooth rounded articular surface
Facet: Small flattened articular surface
Projections
Process: Prominent projection
Tubercle: Small rounded bump
Tuberosity: Knob
Trochanter: Tuberosities on proximal femur
Epicondyle: Near or above condyle

7. Anatomic Bone Features
Ridges
Line or linea: Low ridge
Crest or crista: Prominent ridge
Spine: Very high ridge
Openings
Foramen: Hole
Canal or meatus: Tunnel
Fissure: Cleft
Sinus or Labyrinth: Cavity
Depressions
Fossa: General term for a depression
Notch: Depression in bone margin
Fovea: Little pit
Groove or sulcus: Deeper, narrow depression

8. The Skull or Cranium Functions Superior view of skull Protects brain
Supports organs of special senses
Provides foundation for structures that take air, food , water into body
Superior view of skull
Parietal bones
Frontal bone
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture

9. Posterior View of Skull
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
Sutural bones
External occipital protuberance
Ligamentum nuchae: Helps keep head erect
Nuchal lines: Neck muscle attachment points

10. Lateral View of Skull Squamous suture External auditory meatus
Mastoid Process
Temporal lines
Sphenoid bone
Zygomatic bones
Maxilla
Mandible

11. Frontal View of Skull Frontal bone Zygomatic bones Maxillae Mandible
Orbits
Nasolacrimal canal
Optic foramen

12. Bones of Nasal Cavity

13. Paranasal Sinuses Functions Names Decrease skull weight
Resonating chambers
Names
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal

14. Inferior View of Skull Foramen magnum Occipital condyles
Jugular foramina
Styloid processes
Vomer bone
Hard or bony palate

15. Hyoid Bone Unpaired No direct bony attachment to skull
Attachment point for some tongue muscles
Attachment point for neck muscles that elevate larynx during speech and swallowing

16. Vertebral Column Supports weight of head and trunk
Protects the spinal cord
Allow spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
Provides site for muscle attachment
Permits movement of head and trunk

17. Vertebra Body Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch Pedicle Lamina
Transverse process
Spinous process
Articular processes

18. Intervertebral Disks Located between adjacent vertebrae Functions
Provide support
Prevent vertebrae rubbing
Consist of
Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus

19. Herniated or Ruptured Disk

20. Spina Bifida

21. Vertebral Column Regions Major Curvatures (4) Abnormal curvatures
Cervical (7 vertebrae)
Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
Sacral bone (1)
Coccygeal bone (1)
Major Curvatures (4)
Abnormal curvatures
Lordosis
Kyphosis
Scoliosis

22. Cervical Vertebrae Atlas Axis Vertebral prominens First vertebra
Second vertebra
Dens or odontoid process
Vertebral prominens

23. Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

24. Sacrum and Coccyx

25. Thoracic or Rib Cage Functions Parts Protects vital organs
Forms semi-rigid chamber for respiration
Parts
Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs (12 pair)
True or Vertebrosternal
False or Vertebrochondral
Floating or vertebral
Sternum

26. Sternum Breastbone Parts Sternal angle Manubrium Body Xiphoid process
Important landmark for counting ribs to locate areas of the heart

27. Appendicular Skeleton
Girdles
Pectoral or shoulder
Pelvic
Upper Limbs
Arm
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
Lower Limbs
Thigh
Leg
Foot

28. Pectoral Girdle Scapula (2) Clavicle (2) Acromion process
Forms protective cover
Attachment for clavicle
Attachment for muscles
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
Articulates with humerus
Clavicle (2)

29. Arm Humerus Head Neck Tubercles Intertubercular groove
Anatomic and surgical
Neck
Tubercles
Greater and lesser
Intertubercular groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Capitulum
Articulates with radius
Trochlea
Articulates with ulna
Epicondyles

30. Forearm Radius Ulna Thumb side
Most commonly fractured bone in 50+ years people
Ulna
Little finger side
Trochlear notch
Olecranon process
Coronoid process

31. Wrist and Hand Wrist Hand 8 carpal bones 5 metacarpals (palm of hand)
Phalanges

32. Pelvis Coxae: Right and Left Acetabulum Obturator foramen Sacrum Ilium
Ischium
Sit down bone
Pubis
Pubic symphysis
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Sacrum

33. Male and Female Pelvis

34. Thigh Femur Patella or kneecap Head Neck Trochanters Condyles
Greater and lesser
Condyles
Medial and lateral
Epicondyles
Patella or kneecap

35. Leg Tibia Fibula Larger and supports most of weight Tibial tuberosity
Condyles
Medial malleolus
Fibula
Articulates with tibia not femur
Lateral malleolus

36. Foot
Tarsals (7)
Metatarsals (5)
Phalanges

37. Arches of the Foot Function Three major arches
Distribute weight of body between heel and ball of foot
Three major arches
Transverse arch
Longitudinal arches: Medial and lateral