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Introduction to Basic Word Elements Spelling & Pronunciation

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1 Introduction to Basic Word Elements Spelling & Pronunciation
Medical Terminology Introduction to Basic Word Elements Spelling & Pronunciation

2 What is Medical Terminology
Language of medical terms or words Derived from Latin or Greek Used to describe diseases, diagnosis, investigations, procedures, signs and symptoms, anatomy and physiology

3 Structure / Elements of medical words
Are a combination of smaller words / or word parts Consist of one or more of the following parts 1. Root words 2. Prefixes 3. Suffixes 4. Combining vowels 5. Combining forms

4 1. Word Root Is the basic word part or foundation of the word
Provides the meaning to the word Usually refers to a body part E.g. cardi refers to the heart gastr refers to the stomach Refer to page 1 for more e.gs

5 Examples of word roots Word Root Body Part Gastr Stomach
Gastric juices means acids in the stomach

6 Example Word Root Body Part cardi heart
Cardiac Arrest means heart attack

7 Example Word Root Body Part trache Trachea i.e. windpipe
Tracheitis means inflammation of the trachea Pg 1

8 2.Prefixes ( pre means before)
Is the element at the beginning of the word Comes before the word root Prefix modifies or changes the meaning of the root word

9 Application of prefixes
The prefix pan means whole E.g. pan + arthritis = panarthritis arthritis of the joints

10 Application of prefixes
E.g. INTER/COSTAL inter (between) costal (ribs) (prefix) (word root) INTERCOSTAL pg1.

11 3.Suffixes Come at the end of the word root Modifies the word root
Adds to the meaning to the word root Pg 2

12 Application of Suffixes
Itis - means inflammation E.g. appendicitis means inflammation of the appendix Algia - means pain E.g. pharynalgia means pain of the throat Pg 2

13 Suffixes that mean relating to
ac cardiac Relating to the heart al skeletal Relating to the skeleton ar muscular Relating to the muscle ary urinary Relating to urine ic epigastric Relating to above the stomach ive infective relating to infection ous nervous Relating to nerves

14 4.Combining vowels used to join various parts of the word a,e,i,o,u
Most common vowels used are “o” and “i” Acts like a maths “+” sign E.g. cardi /o/ logist Pg 2,3

15 5.Combining form Is simply a root word plus a combining vowel
E.g. gastr = root word for stomach gastro = combining form of stomach Gastro can now be joined to another root word or suffix Makes words easier to pronounce

16 More combining forms Body Part Word Root Combining Form stomach gastr
gastro intestine enter entero heart cardi cardio nose rhin rhino skin * dermat dermato

17 Interpreting the meaning of medical terms
Breaking the words down makes it easier E.g. Gastro /enter / itis then look up meaning of each component Read the word backwards beginning with the suffix Listen to experts Ask your supervisor for clarification if unsure

18 Interpreting medical terms e.g. Gastroenterology
1.break up the word into its components 2.e.g.gastro / entero / logy 3.then read the meaning backwards i.e. 1.logy = study of 2.entero = intestines 3.gastro = stomach Meaning – study of the intestines and stomach

19 Interpreting medical terms e.g. gastroenteric
Gastr (stomach) / o / enter (intestines) / ic root combining root suffix vowel Gastroenteric means relating to the stomach & intestines

20 Interpreting medical terms e.g.Rhinoplasty
Rhin (nose) / o / plasty (surgical repair of) root combining suffix vowel Rhinoplasty means surgical repair of the nose

21 Dermatologist Dermat (skin) / o / logist (specialist)
root combining suffix vowel Dermatologist means specialist who studies the skin

22 Dropping a vowel when joining words
If root word ends in a vowel & suffix begins with a vowel, combining vowel is dropped e.g. gastr/o itis = gastritis (stomach) (inflammation of) If a prefix ends in a vowel & root word begins with a vowel the combining vowel is dropped e.g. anti acid = antacid (not antiacid) (against) (acid) (works against acid)

23 When to leave the combining vowel in
If the suffix begins with a consonant the combining vowel stays e.g. cardio pathy = cardiopathy

24 Pronunciation Lightly emphasise the first syllable Break up the words
E.g. pericarditis peri card it is gastroenteritis gastro entero it is Myocardium myo cardi um

25 Using dictionaries Stress marks used when word has > one syllable
Stress mark ‘ or , placed before syllable to be stressed Symbol “ə” is a neutral or unstressed vowel e.g. “a”in above or “e” in sicken Look up respiration gastrostomy

26 Hints for pronouncing Consonant Example c (before a,o,u) = k
Cavity, colon,cure c (before e,i ) = s Cephalic, cirrhosis ch = k cholesterol g (before a, o, u) = g gallstone,gonad g (before e, i ) = j generic, giant

27 Hints for pronouncing Consonant Example ph = f phase, pharnyx pn = n
pneumonia ps = s psychiatry, psychology pt = t ptosis, pterygium rh,rrh rhythm, haemorrhoid

28 Spelling medical terms correctly
Abduction Adduction move away from move towards Arteritis Arthitis inflammation of an artery inflammation of a joint Ileum Ilium lower part of small intestine hip bone

29 Plurals Most words are made plural by adding used “s”, or replacing “y” with “ies” but Latin words use other letters

30 Application of plurals
Singular ending Plural ending Singular example Plural example meaning -a -ae vertebra hernia vertebrae herniae part of spine protrusion of an organ -is -es diagnosis testis diagnoses testes identification of a disease male sex organ -um bacterium ovum bacteria ova microorganism female egg cell -us -i bronchus bacillus bronchi bacilli small airway type of bacterium

31 English & American Spelling
American spelling drops any silent vowels i.e an “o” or “a” that is silent is left out of the spelling If “c” is pronounced as a hard “k” sound the Americans will spell it with a “k” Both English & American is used

32 American versus English spelling
Pronunciation Meaning diarrhoea diarrhea di – a - rear watery bowel motion foetal fetal fee - tal child in womb haematologist hematologist hem –a – tol - ogist blood specialist leucocyte leukocyte lew – ko - site white blood cell oedema edema e- deema swelling paediatrics pediatrics peedi - atrics area of child health

33 Medical terms Diseases and disorders
Aetiology - study of cause of diseases Signs – clinical evidence of cause of diseases or disorders Symptoms – indicators of disease that the patient is experiencing Disease – set of signs and symptoms that disrupts normal function of a body system or organ Diagnosis – is when the doctor finds or decides what is causing the signs and symptoms i.e. the disease or disorder

34 Diseases and disorders
Prognosis – forecast of the outcome / recovery from the disease Morbidity – presence of illness or disease Mortality – death Acute – beginning abruptly and usually intense Chronic – refers to something lasting for a long time Terminal - will cause death Pg 6

35 Disorder prefixes Disorder Prefixes Meaning a, an without brady slow
difficult or painful hyper above hypo below oligo few poly many tachy fast

36 Disorder Suffixes pg 6 Disorder suffix Meaning -ema swelling -trophy
nourishment -ia condition of -iasis abnormal condition of -megaly enlargement -oma tumour (mass which may or may not be cancerous) -osis abnormal condition -ptysis spitting up -staxis dripping blood

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