1. PESTLE analysis Project Cycle Management ----- A short training course in project cycle management for subdivisions of MFAR in Sri Lanka MFAR, ICEIDA and UNU-FTP Icelandic International Development Agency (ICEIDA) Iceland United Nations University Fisheries Training Programme (UNU-FTP) Iceland Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DFAR) Sri Lanka

2. Content What is PESTLE analysis? What does PESTLE analysis include? Case study on post harvest losses.

3. Learning objectives After this lecture participants will be able to identify and undertake PESTLE analysis

4. PESTLE analysis PESTLE is an analytical tool which considers external factors and helps you to think about their impacts

5. PESTLE analysis Is a useful tool for understanding the “big picture” of the environment in which you are operating By understanding your environment, you can take advantage of the opportunities and minimize the threats. This provides the context within which more detailed planning can take place to take full advantage of the opportunities that present themselves.

6. The factors in PESTLE analysis P – Political –The current and potential influences from political pressures E - Economic –The local, national and world economic impact S - Sociological –The ways in which changes in society affect the project T - Technological –How new and emerging technology affects our project / organization L - Legal –How local, national and global legislation affects the project E - Environmental –Local, national and global environmental issues

7. In contrast to a SWOT, PESTLE encourages you to think about the wider environment and what might be happening now and in the future which will either benefit or be of disadvantage to the organization, individual etc – a kind of radar which picks up trends and developments in the external environment which can be used to inform longer term planning and strategy making PESTLE vs. SWOT

8. Political: –Government type and stability –Freedom of the press, rule of law and levels of bureaucracy and corruption –Regulation and de-regulation trends –Social and employment legislation –Tax policy, and trade and tariff controls –Environmental and consumer-protection legislation –Likely changes in the political environment Economic: –Stage of a business cycle –Current and projected economic growth, inflation and interest rates –Unemployment and supply of labor –Labor costs –Levels of disposable income and income distribution –Impact of globalization –Likely impact of technological or other changes on the economy –Likely changes in the economic environment PESTLE

9. Sociological: –Cultural aspects, health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, –Organizational culture, attitudes to work, management style, staff attitudes –Education, occupations, earning capacity, living standards –Ethical issues, diversity, immigration/emigration, ethnic/religious factors –Media views, law changes affecting social factors, trends, advertisements, publicity –Demographics: age, gender, race, family size Technological: –Maturity of technology, competing technological developments, research funding, technology legislation, new discoveries –Information technology, internet, global and local communications –Technology access, licensing, patents, potential innovation, replacement technology/solutions, inventions, research, intellectual property issues, advances in manufacturing –Transportation, energy uses/sources/fuels, associated/dependent technologies, rates of obsolescence, waste removal/recycling

10. PESTLE Legal: –current home market legislation, future legislation –European/international legislation –regulatory bodies and processes –environmental regulations, employment law, consumer protection –industry-specific regulations, competitive regulations Environmental: –Ecological –environmental issues, environmental regulations –customer values, market values, stakeholder/ investor values –management style, staff attitudes, organizational culture, staff engagement

11. It is possible to use the PESTLE analysis on projects as well for organizations It is not always needed, especially if the projects are small If PESTLE analysis is used for a project, then the focus should be on solving the “focal problem” and analyze how the external environment is affecting the process of solving the “focal problem” –e.g. the guidelines from the European Commission do not include PESTLE in their logical framework approach PESTLE analysis and projects

12. The main problem with these external PESTLE factors is that they are continuously changing Therefore PESTLE analysis should include a thorough analysis of what is affecting the organization or a project Now, and what is likely to affect it in the Future The result of a PESTLE analysis is usually a list of positive and negative factors that are likely to affect a project –However, by themselves, theses factors they mean very little –It is important to bear in mind, that PESTLE analysis requires careful Application of results Issues of concern

13. Other forms of PEST - PESTLE, PESTLIED, STEEPLE and SLEPT: Some people prefer to use different flavors of PEST analysis, using other factors for different situations. The variants are: PESTLE/PESTEL: Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal, Environmental; PESTLIED: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, International, Environmental, Demographic; STEEPLE: Social/Demographic, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal, Ethical; and SLEPT: Social, Legal, Economic, Political, Technological Similar analysis

14. PESTLE analysis post harvest losses Following is a case study of PESTLE analysis on post harvest losses (PHL)

15. PESTLE Political factors - PHL Importance Increasing > Unchanged = Decreasing < Low political interest among the general public and therefore little or no pressure on government Low political pressure from fishermen and boat owners Low interest among politicians High interest among government to improve the situation on post harvest losses Frequent changes in policy due to rapid changes in politically elected authorities within the government affecting stability of practical resolutions Possibilities for fishermen- and vessel owner associations to influence future policy making and contributing to political decisions International agreements e.g. IOTC >>=>=>>>>=>=>>

16. PESTLE Economical factors - PHL Importance Increasing > Unchanged = Decreasing < Low average catches affect fishermen’s incomes and availability of capital to invest in improvements Low purchasing power among a large group of customers in the domestic market Limited knowledge in financial accounting affects operation of small and medium sized fishermen’s businesses The ongoing conflict in Sri Lanka affects governmental expenditures and decreases the possible funding of development in the fisheries sector The tsunami disaster had severe effect on the Sri Lankan fisheries sector e.g. on development and capacity >=>><>=>><

17. Sociological factors - PHL Importance Increasing > Unchanged = Decreasing < Acceptance of low quality fish Lack of awareness Food safety and health problems due to low fish quality The attitude of fishermen Lack of specialized education among fishermen Religious sentiments affecting industrial practices.>>=>><.>>=>>< PESTLE

18. Technological factors - PHL Importance Increasing > Unchanged = Decreasing < Lack of infrastructure (e.g. facility, machinery, tools, practices) Inferior boat design Inferior harbor design Insufficient availability of freezing facilities Inadequate processing facilities Selectivity of fishing gear (i.e. gillnets) Lack of technological improvements (e.g. freezers, insulating boxes etc.) Lack of proper hygienic practices Inadequate transport facilities >>>>>=>>=>>>>>=>>= PESTLE

19. Legal factors - PHL Importance Increasing > Unchanged = Decreasing < Lack of regulations, monitoring and enforcement on: – Quality standards – Food safety – Hygiene standards – Fish handling – Illegal inland fishing Regulations in foreign export markets (e.g. EU, USA and Japan) General trade agreements and tariffs >>>>>>>=>>>>>>>= PESTLE

20. Environmental factors - PHL Importance Increasing > Unchanged = Decreasing < Insufficient availability of clean water Tropical weather conditions Pollution in harbor basin water Lack of adequate sewage management Oil spills in harbors Hygienic conditions onboard boats and in harbors Sustainability of fish stocks Stock size. When stocks are large and catches good, PHL tends to increase >=>>=>==>=>>=>== PESTLE

21. References Renewal Associates (2003). PESTEL Analysis. Downloaded 18. mars 2007 from: www.renwal.eu.com Rapidbi (2007). The PESTLE Analysis Tool and Template. Downloaded the 2 nd of June 2007 from: http://www.rapidbi.com/created/the-PESTLE- analysis-tool.html