1. Cell & animal reproduction
Grade 6
Compiled by: Alya Kays

2. Plants reproduction

4. Animal Cell The body is made up of millions of tiny cells
Most of the cell is made up of protoplasm
Cell parts:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane

5. Animal Cell
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane

6. SHAPE Plant cell is rectangular in shape.
Animal cell is spherical in shape.

7. Plant cells
Animal cells

8. CELL WALL Plant cell is covered by a thick cell wall.
Cell wall is made up of cellulose and hemicellulose.
Animal cell is covered by a thin cell membrane.
It is made up of Lipoprotein.

9. VACUOLE
In plant cell, Vacuole is big, prominent and permanent.

10. Vacuole
In animal cell, Vacuole is small, temporary and not so prominent.

11. PLASTIDS Plastids are present only in plant cell.
Plastids are of three types.
*Leucoplast
*Chromoplast
*Chloroplast
PLASTID IS ABSENT IN ANIMAL CELL.

12. Paramecium

13. Red blood cells
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are the primary carriers of oxygen to the cells and tissues of the body. The biconcave shape of the erythrocyte is an adaptation for maximizing the surface area across which oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. Its shape and flexible plasma membrane allow the erythrocyte to penetrate the smallest of capillaries.

14. Human smooth muscle, also referred to as visceral or involuntary muscle, is composed of slender, spindle-shaped cells. Controlled by the autonomic nervous system, smooth muscle cells help form the structure of the skin, blood vessels, and internal organs.

15. Cardiac muscle is a unique muscle tissue found only in the heart
Cardiac muscle is a unique muscle tissue found only in the heart. Requiring a constant supply of oxygen, cardiac muscle will quickly die if obstructions occur in the arteries leading to the heart. Heart attacks occur from the damage caused by insufficient blood supply to cardiac muscle.

16. Skeletal muscles attach to bones
Skeletal muscles attach to bones. They help you do things such as kick a ball, chew food, or write. When one of these muscles contracts, or shortens, the bone attached to the muscle moves. Skeletal muscles are voluntary—that is, you control when they work. Skeletal muscles consist of cells containing light and dark bands that make them appear striped.

17. Nerve cell:
This photomicrograph shows a number of multipolar nerve cells. The central cell body is clearly visible in each of the cells, as are the dendrites. The dendrites are short extensions of the nerve cell body that
function in
the
reception of
stimuli.

18. Epithelial Cells
The epithelium is a protective layer of cells that covers an organ surface or lines a body cavity. Shown here is a layer of simple squamous (scaly) epithelium. Skin is composed of several layers of epithelial cells.

19. Bone cell
Osteocytes

21. Cell Division Mitosis Increases total number of cells
Results in animal growth
Chromosomes pairs are duplicated

22. Cell Division Meiosis Produces gametes
Only have one-half the chromosomes of normal cells

23. Gametes

26. Reproductive Terminology
Species Act Offspring
Cows calving calf
Ewes lambing lamb
Sows farrowing pig
Hens hatching chick
Mares foaling foal
Goats kidding kid
Frog hatching tadpole

27. Objective: Specify how the reproductive system for mammals functions
Mammals Reproduction
Objective: Specify how the reproductive system for mammals functions

28. Terminology Estrus Lactation Parturition
When a female is receptive to be bred
Lactation
Period of time that milk is secreted by the mammary glands
Parturition
Than act of giving birth

29. Reproductive Functions of the Female
Estrous cycle - time from one heat period (or menstrual cycle) to the next.
Length of estrous cycle by species:
Cow days
Ewe days
Sow days
Mare days
Woman 28 days
Hen none

30. Female Tract

31. Female Reproductive System
Ovary - the ovary is comparable to the male testicle and is the site of gamete production.
A bovine animal has 20,000 potential eggs per ovary, while a human female has 400,000 potential eggs per ovary.
Ova are fully developed at puberty and are not continuously produced as in the male.
All species contain two functional ovaries except for the hen which has only a left functioning ovary.

32. Female Reproductive System
Uterine Horn - The anterior, divided end of the uterus in the cow, ewe, and mare. Sow has only 2 horns, no body, woman has no horns, only body.
Uterus - Muscular sac connecting fallopian tubes and cervix
1. Sustains the sperm and aids in its transport
2. Supports embryo and fetus during gestation
3. Expels fetus at parturition

33. Female Reproductive System

34. Reproductive Functions (Female)
Steps in the female reproductive process:
1. Ovulation
Produce gamete (ova or ovum)
Release of egg(s)
Infundibulum pushes the ovum into the fallopian tube

35. Ovulation Rates Ovulation Rates by Species Cow- 1 egg per estrus
Ewe- 1 to 3 eggs per estrus
Sow- 10 to 20 eggs per estrus
Mare- 1 egg per estrus
Hen- Approx. 28 eggs per month

36. Fertilization When the sperm from a male reaches the egg from a female
Two cells join to form a complete cell
Pairs of chromosomes are formed again
Many different combinations of traits are formed

37. Fertilization

38. Figure Fertilization
anphys2e-fig jpg

39. Reproductive Functions (Female)
Gestation and Lactation Periods:
Species Gestation Period Lactation(Milking)
Cow days beef days dairy days
Ewe days days
Sow days days
Mare days days
Woman 270 days ? years

41. Baby development

42. Human baby

43. anphys2e-fig r.jpg

44. Reproduction in Poultry
Birds
Reproduction in Poultry
Objective: Specify how the reproductive system for poultry functions

46. Reproduction in Poultry
The poultry oviduct has five parts:
1) Vagina
Holds the egg until laid
2) Uterus
Secretes the shell
3) Isthmus
Adds the two shell membranes
4) Magnum
Secretes the albumen
5) Infundibulum
Where fertilization takes place

50. Reproduction in Poultry
Major difference:
Embryo of livestock develop inside the female’s body while the embryo of poultry develops inside the egg.
Poultry only have the left ovary and oviduct when mature
The yoke is the ovum
Chicken Incubation
21 days

53. 1- A butterfly starts its life as an egg, laid by a female adult butterfly after mating. Butterfly eggs vary in size and shape, but most are surrounded by a protective hard shell.
2- A caterpillar develops within the egg and then eats its way out of the shell.

54. 3- When the caterpillar reaches its final size it stops feeding
3- When the caterpillar reaches its final size it stops feeding. The caterpillar wriggles and twists to gradually remove its old skin, revealing a new protective skin called the chrysalis.
4- A caterpillar spends all its time eating. As it grows, the caterpillar becomes too large for its skin and molts (sheds its skin) to reveal new skin. Depending upon the type of butterfly, caterpillars molt four or five times.

55. 5- Inside the chrysalis, the caterpillar changes from a wormlike creature into an adult butterfly.
6- When the butterfly reaches adulthood, it leaves the chrysalis. It pumps blood into its crumpled wings and expands them to their full size before flying away.

58. Bee reproduction

59. Amphibians
Life Cycle of a Frog

60. Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis is the changes that a frog goes through during its life cycle.
There are four main stages in the life cycle of the frog.

61. Egg The first stage in the life cycle of the frog is the egg.
A frog lays many eggs at one time.
The eggs are covered with a jellylike coating.

62. Tadpole The second stage of the frog life cycle is the tadpole.
Hatched tadpoles have gills for breathing in the water.
They have a tail, but no legs.

63. As a tadpole grows, lungs begin to form.
Back and front legs begin to grow. These parts allow the adult frog to live on land.

64. Adult Frog
Once the lungs form and begin to work, the gills and tail disappear.
The adult frog is now ready to live on land.

65. Frog life cycle

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