1. Physiological Properties Of Heart Muscle Frog Dissection

2. Background
Frog’s myocardiogram gives the medical students a clear understanding of the normal sequence of atrial and ventricular contraction and the effect of temperature, sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic stimulation on frog’s heart.

3. The Frog Heart And Circulation
The frog heart has 3 chambers:
two atria ( Rt and Lt) and a single ventricle.
The Rt atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the blood vessels (veins) that drain the various organs of the body.
The Lt atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and skin
Both atria empty into the single ventricle.
While this might appear to waste the opportunity to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated bloods separate, the ventricle is divided into narrow chambers that reduce the mixing of the two blood

4. So when the ventricle contracts oxygenated blood from the left atrium is sent, relatively pure, into the carotid arteries taking blood to the head (and brain) Deoxygenated blood from the right atrium is sent, relatively pure, to the pulmocutaneous arteries taking blood to the skin and lungs where fresh oxygen can be picked up. Only the blood passing into the aortic arches has been thoroughly mixed, but even so it contains enough oxygen to supply the needs of the rest of the body

5. Frog Heart

6. Frog Circulation

7. Physiology Of Heart
The heart's primary function is simply to act as a pump that provides pressure to move blood to its ultimate destination.
Cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle both morphologically and functionally. It is able to initiate its own rhythmic contractions without requiring a stimulation from outside the heart. This is due to "leaky" cell membranes, in which calcium and sodium ions slowly leak into the cells. This leaking causes a slow depolarization to threshold, thus firing an action potential and initiating contractions of cardiac muscle

8. The cells that are most leaky to ions and that depolarize fastest , control the rate of contraction of all other cardiac cells; thus, they act as pacemakers for the rest of the heart. In the mammalian heart, the pacemaker is the sinoatrial (SA) node.
In the frog heart, the pacemaker is the sinus venosus, an enlarged region between the vena cava and the right atrium, that receives blood from the anterior and posterior caval veins and empties blood into the right atrium.

9. Equipments Frog Dissection set Kymograph Frog Ringer solutions Pins
Droppers
Suture thread

10. Composition of frog ringer solution
Ringer’s solution, composed of: – NaCl: 200 ml – KCl: 20 ml – MgCl2: 20 ml – CaCl2: 4 ml – NaOH: 25.8 ml – Glucose: 1.8 g – pH: 7.4 – Distilled water: to make 2 L – Total Volume: 2 L.

11. Frog Preparation And Dissection
Prepare the frog for dissection by PITHING the frog
Fix the frog on its back using the big needles
Open the thorax of the frog with a central incision and two flaps
Hold the pericardium with forceps and carefully cut away the sac from the heart, using scissors
Do not cut or remove any organs other than the skin and some of the ribs covering the heart
Keep the heart ,moist during the procedure by putting drops of ringer lactate by syringe

12. Cont…
Attach a clip to frogs heart and by thread connect it to your kymograph machine.
Now start your experiment.

13. A- Heart Beat
Identify the part of the heart and examine its beating
Measure the normal heart rate
Using single stimuli of 100mV and 1-msec duration, stimulate the ventricle at different times in the cardiac cycle, and note the following
What is the result of stimulating during the systolic phase of the cycle?
What is the result of stimulating during the diastolic phase of the cycle?
Can a second contraction be elicited before the normal rhythmic contraction occurs

14. B- Temperature effect
Record the heart contractions at room temperature.
Drop warm (40oC) frog Ringer's solution on the heart until significant changes are seen in rate and contractility.
Drop cold (5oC)) Ringer's on the heart and record when changes are observed. Then rinse the heart with room-temperature Ringer's to return the beat to normal before continuing the

15. THE COOLER THE SLOW THE WARMER THE FAST
Temperature is always a controlling factor for chemical reactions.
the heart beat is a function of chemical processes. Ca2+ protein interaction brings about the contractile event and is a chemical reaction using ATP as the energy source to drive each contraction A chemical reaction approximately doubles its rate every time you increase the temperature 10 degrees centigrade, and approximately halves its rate every time you decrease the temperature 10 degrees centigrade.
THE COOLER THE SLOW
THE WARMER THE FAST

16. C- Drug effect (NEUROTANSMITTERS)
Using a syringe apply the following drugs to the heart until you see significant changes in rate, contractility, or tone.
Acetylcholine mg/ml in Normal Frog Ringer
Atropine 1 mg/ml in Normal Frog Ringer
Epinephrine 1mg/ml in Normal Frog Ringer
Note:
Best results are seen if the drug is dropped on the sinus venosus.
After the effect is recorded, rinse the heart with frog Ringer's and allow the heart to return to normal before the next drug is applied.

17. D- Propagation Heart Block
Using a heavy thread, tie a loose single-loop ligature around the heart at the junction of the atria and ventricle.
Note the following type of heart block:
First-degree block. The interval between atrial and ventricular contraction is prolonged.
Second-degree block. Some impulses fail to reach the ventricle so that the ratio of atrial to ventricular beats is altered. You may see 2:1, 3:1, 5:1, 8:1 types of heart block.
Third-degree block. Impulses fail to pass through the AV node and bundle of His and the ventricle may start its own independent rhythm of beating, or you may see only the atria contracting.
After producing a complete heart block (third degree), release the ligature , and see if a normal AV beat is restored.

18. THANKS