1. Lecture 4 Word Formation of Medical Terms

2. Building Elements  Root  Prefix  Suffix  Combining Vowel

3. Root  A root is what remains when all added elements in a word have been removed, the part that is not further divisible.  The root, the core in a word, provides the fundamental meaning of that word.  derm →skin epidermis, dermis, dermatology, dermatitis, dermatosis, dermatoid

4. Prefix  A prefix is a letter or a letter combination placed before a word or a combining form to alter or modify the basic meaning of the word.  A larger proportion of prefixes describe spatial relationship. Others negate concepts, and still others describe physical properties or qualities of objects or concepts.

5. Suffix  Suffix: attached to the end of a word base to change either the meaning of the base or the class of the word.  two types: simple suffix and compound suffix. (1) Simple suffixes: those that have nothing added to them. -itis → inflammation as in nephritis and hepatitis.

6. Suffix (2) Compound suffix: a combination of a base and a simple suffix. -pathy → patho- (disease, suffering) + -y (condition, act, process) “disease, or a diseased condition ” -ectomy → ec- (out) + tom- (to cut) + -y (act, process) “the surgical removal, the process of cutting out, or excision” tonsillectomy appendectomy thyroidectomy

7. Combining Vowel 1. Types of combining vowels Greek source (1) -o- cardi + o → cardio- o + logy → -ology (2) -a- par + a → para- (3) -y- brad + y → brady- pol + y → poly- Latin source -i- mult + i→ multi- i + cide → -icide ov + i → ovi-

8. Combining Vowel 2. arrangement of the combining vowels (1) gastr/o + pathy → gastropathy par/a + thyroid → parathyroid (2) gastr/o + algia → gastralgia gastr/o + itis → gastritis par/a + enteral → parenteral (3) gastr/o + intestinal → gastrointestinal nephr/o + abdominal → nephroabdominal (4) gastr/o + rhagia → gastrorrhagia splen/o + rhaphy → splenorrhaphy a + rhythm + ia → arrhythmia

9. Word Formation  Affixation  Composition  Conversion  Blending  Backformation  Clipping  Initialism and Acronym

10. Affixation Affixation: formation of words by means of affixes (prefix and suffix). prefixation suffixation

11. Prefixation a prefix is attached to the front of base autograft isograft allograft (homograft) xenograft (heterograft)

12. Suffixation a suffix is attached to the end of base immune immunity immunize immunization

13. Rules Of Word Formation  Arrangement of the morphemes (1) lymphadenitis→ lymph ＋ aden ＋ itis 1 2 3 淋巴 腺 炎症 mastectomy → mast ＋ ectomy 4 5 乳房 切除术 lipoma → lip ＋ oma 6 7 脂肪 肿瘤

14. Rules Of Word Formation  mastadenitis  mastitis  adenoma  lipectomy  adenitis  lymphoma  lymphadenoma  mastadenoma  adenolipoma  lymphadenectomy  adenectomy

15. Rules Of Word Formation (2) phagocyte — cytophagy blastocyte — cytoblast podagra — agropod (meaningless) Two situations of the combination of the morphemes: parallel connection and restrictive connection

16. Rules Of Word Formation  nasopharyngeal pharyngonasal ↓ nose throat  dentosurgical ↓ ↓ tooth surgery  dyschondroplasia chondrodysplasia ↓ ↓ ↓ bad cartilage development, formation

17. Typical Patterns of Affixation 1.prefix + root e.g. inject : in- (into) + jec (t)- (to throw) put material into a particular location, often using a syringe 2. prefix + combining vowel + root e.g. ectoderm : ect- (outside) + derm- (skin), the outer layer of the embryo

18. Typical Patterns of Affixation 3. root + suffix e.g. stasis : sta- (to stand) + -sis (a condition of), slowing of fluid movement 4. root + combining vowel + suffix e.g. sclerosis : scler- (to harden) + -sis (a condition of) hardening or stiffening of a tissue

19. Typical Patterns of Affixation 5. prefix + root + suffix e.g. perirenal: peri- (around) + ren- (kidney) + -al (pertaining to) located around the kidney 6. prefix + root + combining vowel + suffix e.g. synarthrosis : syn- (together) + arthr- (joint)+ -sis (a condition of) immobilization of a joint by fusion

20. Typical Patterns of Affixation 7. prefx + prefix + root + combining vowel + suffix e.g. contraindication : contra- (against) + in- (toward) + dic(t)- (to speak) + -tion (the action or process involved ) a condition that precludes using a drug 8. root + root + suffix e.g. sialadenitis : sial- (saliva) + aden- (gland) + -itis (an inflammatory condition), inflammation of a salivary gland

21. Typical Patterns of Affixation 9. root + combining vowel + root + suffix e.g. hemophilia : hemo- (blood) + phil- (beloved, loving) + -ia (pathological or abnormal condition) any of several hereditary blood- coagulation disorders 10. prefix + root + root + suffix e.g. hyperglycemia : hyper- (excessive) + glyc- (sweet) + (h)em- (blood) + -ia (condition) the presence of an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood

22. Composition a word-forming process by joining two or more words: open compound hyphenated compound solid compound

23. open compound an open compound is made up of two or more words written separately:  woman doctor  man nurse  sleeping sickness  brain death  family planning  birth control  gray matter  white matter

24. hyphenated compound A hyphenated compound consists of two or more words connected by a hyphen:  high-resolution  host-specific  deaf-mute  air-borne  bottle-feed  graft-versus-host

25. solid compound A solid compound consists of two words written as one word:  windpipe  Sleepwalk  overweight  nosebleed.

26. neoclassical compounds compounds coined from elements of the classical languages (Latin and Greek):  biocide  lysosome  bio-science  psychanalysis  biophysics  chemotherapy

27. Conversion a word is adapted or converted to a new class without any change of form:  stent (v.> n.)  love (v.> n.)  taste (v.> n.)  smell (v.> n.)  skin (v.> n.)  plaster (v.> n.)  mask (v.> n.)  faint (adj.> n.)  empty (adj.> n.)

28. Blending part + part genome (gene + chromosome) affluenza (affluent + influenza) redox ( reduction oxidation) whole + part breathalyzer (breath + analyzer) part + whole medicaid (medical + aid) medicare (medical + care) paramedic (parachute + medic) surgitool (surgical tool)

29. Backformation  vaccinate ←vaccination  automate ←automation  diagnose ← diagnosis  injure ← injury  contracept ← contraception  ovulate ← ovulation  palpitate ← palpitation  transcript ← transcription  vivisect ← vivisection  proliferate ← proliferation  adolesce ← adolescence  psychoanalyze ← psychoanalysis

30. Backformation  biograph ← biography  claustrophobe ← claustrophobia  chemist ← alchemist  paramedic ← paramedical  pathogen ← pathogenic  gloom ← gloomy

31. Clipping  exam ←examination  ad ←advertisement  doc ← doctor  CA/ca ← cancer/carcinoma  lab ← laboratory  flu ← influenza  specs ← spectacles  polio ← poliomyelitis  psych ← psychology  quack ← quacksalver

32. Initialization Initialization( 首字母缩略法 ) are very common in medical literature. An acronym is a word coined from the initial letters of a group of words. They have been very active and have been increasing in number especially in science and technology. A large number of acronyms have been created in medical Literature.

33. Initialism and Acronym abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name  An acronym is a series of letters pronounced as a word (e.g. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization).  An initialism is a series of letters pronounced as individual letters (e.g. DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid).

34. Initialisms  WHO (World Health Organization)  FDA (Food and Drug Administration)  CT (computerized tomography)  RBC (red blood cell)  CC (chief complaint)  BMR (basal metabolic rate)  BP (blood pressure)  GP (general practitioner)  NP (nurse practitioner)  JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association)  MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

35. Acronyms  AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)  SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)  LASER/laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

36. Initialism and Acronym Some words are mostly composed of the initial letter of the word plus the first letter of other components of the same word, such as: TB (tuberculosis) OD (overdose) IV (intravenous) IM/im (intramuscular) Hb (hemoglobin), RT (radiotherapy) NP (neuropsychiatry)

37. Initialism and Acronym Initialisms from Latin or Greek: a.c. (ante cibum = before meal) p.c. (post cibum = after meal) b.i.d (bis in die = twice a day) t.i.d (ter in die = three times a day) q.i.d (quarter in die = four times a day) b.i.n (bis in nocte = twice a night)

38. Initialism and Acronym O.D (oculus dexter = right eye) O.S (oculus sinister = left eye) p.r.n (pro re nata = as needed) q.h (quaque hora = every hour) q.m (quaque mane = every morning) q.n (quaque nocte = every night)

39. Rules Of Word Formation Chinese and English Medical Terms  stomach → gastritis  liver →hepatitis  brain →encephalitis  skin →dermatitis  joint →arthritis  heart →carditis  intestine →enteritis  kidney →nephritis  tongue →glossitis  throat → laryngitis  bone→ osteitis  ear→ otitis  vein → phlebitis  nose→ rhinitis  mouth → stomatitis  lung →pneumonia  pleural → pleurisy

40. Rules Of Word Formation Chinese and English Medical Terms  溢饮 →anasarca 全身水肿  消渴 →diabetes 糖尿病  痘疮 → smallpox 天花  耵聍 →cerumen 耳垢  鼻衄 →epistaxis 鼻出血  溺血 → hematuria 血尿  血崩 → metrorrhagia 子宫出血  牙宣 →gingival atrophy 牙龈萎缩  风疹 → German measles （德国麻疹）， rubella （红疹）