1. Object Oriented Programming Inheritance and Polymorphism Dr. Mike Spann m.spann@bham.ac.uk

2. Contents Base classes and derived classes Base classes and derived classes Example – a BankAccount class Example – a BankAccount class Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming Abstract classes Abstract classes Generic Programming Generic Programming Polymorphism and OOP Polymorphism and OOP Summary Summary

3. Base classes and derived classes Inheritance is a fundamental requirement of oriented programming Inheritance is a fundamental requirement of oriented programming It allows us to create new classes by refining existing classes It allows us to create new classes by refining existing classes Essentially a derived class can inherit data members of a base class Essentially a derived class can inherit data members of a base class  The behaviour of the derived class can be refined by redefining base class member functions or adding new member function  A key aspect of this is polymorphism where a classes behaviour can be adapted at run-time

4. Base classes and derived classes We can think of many examples in real life of how a (base) class can be refined to a set of (derived) classes We can think of many examples in real life of how a (base) class can be refined to a set of (derived) classes For example a Polygon class can be refined to be a Quadrilateral which can be further refined to be a Rectangle For example a Polygon class can be refined to be a Quadrilateral which can be further refined to be a Rectangle We can think of these classes as following an IS-A relationship We can think of these classes as following an IS-A relationship  A Quadrilateral IS-A Polygon  A Rectangle IS-A Quadrilateral

5. Base classes and derived classes Base class Derived class Shape Triangle, Circle, Rectangle Bank Account Current, Deposit Student Undergraduate, Postgaduate Vehicle Car, Truck, Bus Filter Low-pass, Band-pass, High-pass

6. Example – a BankAccount class An BankAccount base class models basic information about a bank account An BankAccount base class models basic information about a bank account  Account holder  Account number  Current balance Basic functionality Basic functionality  Withdraw money  Deposit money

7. public class BankAccount { private int accountNumber; private string accountHolder; private int balance; public BankAccount(int n,string name,int b) { accountNumber = n; accountHolder = name; balance = b; } public int AccountNumber { // accountNumber property} public string AccountHolder { // accounHolder property} public int Balance { // balance property} public void withdraw(int amount) { if (balance>amount) balance-=amount; } public void deposit(int amount) { balance+=amount;} }

8. Example – a BankAccount class We can consider refinements to our Account class We can consider refinements to our Account class  CurrentAccount  Can have an overdraft facility  No interest paid  DepositAccount  Pays interest on any balance  No overdraft facility

9. Example – a BankAccount class We will create our refined classes using inheritance from the BankAccount base class We will create our refined classes using inheritance from the BankAccount base class Classes CurrentAccount and DepositAccount inherit the basic attributes (private members) of account Classes CurrentAccount and DepositAccount inherit the basic attributes (private members) of account  accountNumber  accountHolder  balance Also, new attributes are added Also, new attributes are added  overdraftFacility  interestRate

10. Example – a BankAccount class In order to implement the derived classes, we need to consider private/public access between base and derived classes In order to implement the derived classes, we need to consider private/public access between base and derived classes  public member functions of the base class become public member functions of the derived class  private members of the base class cannot be accessed from the derived class  Obvious otherwise encapsulation could be easily broken by inheriting from the base class  Begs the question, how do we initialise derived class objects?

11. Example – a BankAccount class Base class methods and properties are accessed through the base keyword Base class methods and properties are accessed through the base keyword  base(.....) refers to the base class constructor  base.aMethod(.....) refers to a method of the base class  base.aProperty refers to a property of the base class

12. class CurrentAccount : BankAccount { private int overdraftFacility; public CurrentAccount(int n, string name, int b, int ov) : base(n, name, b) { overdraftFacility = ov; } public override void withdraw(int amount) { if (base.Balance - amount > -overdraftFacility) base.Balance -= amount; } class DepositAccount : BankAccount { private float interestRate; public DepositAccount(int n, string name, int b, float rate) : base( n, name,b) { interestRate = rate; } float calcInterest() { float interest = base.Balance * interestRate; base.Balance += (int)(interest); return interest; }

13. Example – a BankAccount class accountNumber accountHolder balance deposit() withdraw() overdraftFacility withdraw() interestRate calcInterest() accountNumber accountHolder balance deposit() withdraw() CurrentAccountDepositAccount

14. Example – a BankAccount class We can see that in both derived classes we need to access the balance instance field We can see that in both derived classes we need to access the balance instance field We can do this directly (without using a public method or property) by making balance a protected member of the base class We can do this directly (without using a public method or property) by making balance a protected member of the base class A protected class member is one that can be accessed by public member functions of the class as well as public member functions of any derived class A protected class member is one that can be accessed by public member functions of the class as well as public member functions of any derived class  Its half way between private and public  Encapsulation is then broken for classes in the inheritance hierarchy and thus must be used where performance issues are critical

15. Example – a BankAccount class Class member Can be accessed from private public member functions of same class protected public member functions of same class and derived classes publicAnywhere

16. public class BankAccount { private int accountNumber; private string accountHolder; protected int balance; public BankAccount(int n,string name,int b) { accountNumber = n; accountHolder = name; balance = b; } public int AccountNumber { // accountNumber property} public string AccountHolder { // accounHolder property} public int Balance { // balance property} public void withdraw(int amount) { if (balance>amount) balance-=amount; } public void deposit(int amount) { balance+=amount;} }

17. class CurrentAccount : BankAccount { private int overdraftFacility; public CurrentAccount(int n, string name, int b, int ov) : base(n, name, b) { overdraftFacility = ov; } public override void withdraw(int amount) { if (balance - amount > -overdraftFacility)// balance is protected balance -= amount; } class DepositAccount : BankAccount { private float interestRate; public DepositAccount(int n, string name, int b, float rate) : base( n, name,b) { interestRate = rate; } float calcInterest() { float interest = balance * interestRate; balance += (int)(interest); return interest; }

18. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming Polymorphism is the key concept in object oriented programming Polymorphism is the key concept in object oriented programming Polymorphism literally means many forms Polymorphism literally means many forms Essentially we are able to get many different types of object behaviour from a single reference type Essentially we are able to get many different types of object behaviour from a single reference type  This enables us to write easily extensible applications

19. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming For example in a computer game that simulates the movement of animals we can send ‘move’ commands to different types of animal For example in a computer game that simulates the movement of animals we can send ‘move’ commands to different types of animal We send the commands via an animal reference which is the base class for the different animal types We send the commands via an animal reference which is the base class for the different animal types  But each type behaves differently once it receives the command  Such an approach leads to a readily extendable application

20. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming animal Move Application

21. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming Polymorphism is implemented through references to objects Polymorphism is implemented through references to objects We can assign base class object references to any derived class object We can assign base class object references to any derived class object BankAccount acc1 = new CurrentAccount(12345, "John Smith", 1000, 500); BankAccount acc2 = new DepositAccount(54321, "Bill Jones", 2000, 5.0);

22. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming acc1 CurrentAccount 500 withdraw() 12345 John Smith 1000 deposit() withdraw()

23. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming acc2 DepositAccount 5.0 calcInterest() 54321 Bill Jones 2000 deposit() withdraw()

24. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming We can see that in the case of the reference to a CurrentAccountObject object, method withdraw() is overidden in the derived class We can see that in the case of the reference to a CurrentAccountObject object, method withdraw() is overidden in the derived class The question is, which one is called at runtime? The question is, which one is called at runtime? public class BankAccountTest { static void Main(string[] args) { BankAccount acc1 = new CurrentAccount(12345, "John Smith“,1000, 500); acc1.withdraw(250);// Which withdraw()? }

25. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming accountNumber accountHolder balance deposit() withdraw() overdraftFacility withdraw() acc1 CurrentAccount Which one is called?

26. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming Clearly the behaviour of the object to the ‘withdraw’ message is important Clearly the behaviour of the object to the ‘withdraw’ message is important  The derived class behaviour takes into account the overdraft facility We must look at the definitions of the withdraw() method in the base and derived classes We must look at the definitions of the withdraw() method in the base and derived classes  The base class withdraw() method is overridden by the derived class method if the base class method is declared as virtual and the derived class method is declared as override

27. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming public class CurrentAccount : BankAccount { private int overdraftFacility; public CurrentAccount(n, name, b) {…} public override void withdraw(int amount) { if (balance - amount > -overdraftFacility) balance -= amount; } public class BankAccount { //…… public virtual void withdraw(int amount) { if (balance - amount > -overdraftFacility) balance -= amount; }

28. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming Because withdraw() in the derived class is declared as an override function of the virtual function in the base class, the correct behaviour is obtained Because withdraw() in the derived class is declared as an override function of the virtual function in the base class, the correct behaviour is obtained public class BankAccountTest { static void Main(string[] args) { BankAccount acc1 = new CurrentAccount(12345, "John Smith“,1000, 500); acc1.withdraw(250);// Calls the CurrentAccount withdraw() method }

29. Polymorphism and Object Oriented Programming In Java, polymorphism (overriding the base class implementation) is the default behaviour In Java, polymorphism (overriding the base class implementation) is the default behaviour In C++, the virtual keyword is used but no override keyword In C++, the virtual keyword is used but no override keyword C# also has a keyword sealed for a base class method which can’t be overriden C# also has a keyword sealed for a base class method which can’t be overriden  Methods can also be declared override and sealed indicating that they override a base class method but can’t themselves be overriden

30. Abstract classes In our example classes, the withdraw() method of our BankAccount was declared as a virtual function In our example classes, the withdraw() method of our BankAccount was declared as a virtual function  We were able to provide a sensible implementation of this function  This implementation could be regarded as default behaviour if the function was not overridden in derived classes

31. Abstract classes public class BankAccountTest { static void Main(string[] args) { BankAccount acc1 = new CurrentAccount(12345, "John Smith“,1000, 500); acc1.withdraw(250);// Calls the CurrentAccount withdraw() method BankAccount acc2 = new DepositAccount(54321, “Bill Jones“,2000, 5.0); acc2.withdraw(100);// Calls the BankAccount withdraw() method } If the method called can’t be resolved in the derived class, it is delegated back to the default base class method If the method called can’t be resolved in the derived class, it is delegated back to the default base class method

32. Abstract classes Abstract classes arise when there is no sensible implementation of the virtual functions in the base class Abstract classes arise when there is no sensible implementation of the virtual functions in the base class  Base class virtual functions are always overridden by derived class implementations In this case, we simply declare the virtual function as abstract but provide no implementation In this case, we simply declare the virtual function as abstract but provide no implementation  A class containing at least one abstract function must be declared an abstract class

33. Abstract classes As an example, suppose we wanted to design a hierarchy of shape classes for a computer graphics application As an example, suppose we wanted to design a hierarchy of shape classes for a computer graphics application Shape is an abstract concept Shape is an abstract concept  There is no sensible way we can implement functions to draw a shape or compute the area of a shape  It is natural to make such functions abstract  We can derive concrete classes from shape and provide implementations in the override functions

34. Abstract classes public abstract class Shape { private int xpos; private int ypos; public abstract void draw(); public abstract double area(); public virtual void move(int x, int y) { xpos+=x; ypos+=y; }

35. Abstract classes public class Square : Shape { private int side; public Square(int s) {side=s;} public override void draw() { } public override double area() { return side*side; } } public class Circle : Shape { private int radius; public Circle(int r) { radius = r; } public override void draw() { } public override double area() { return System.Math.PI*radius*radius;} }

36. Abstract classes We can’t create Shape objects but we can declare Shape references and assign them to derived class objects We can’t create Shape objects but we can declare Shape references and assign them to derived class objects using System; class ShapeTest { static void Main(string[] args) { Shape sq = new Square(10); Shape c = new Circle(5); System.Console.WriteLine("Area of square= " + sq.area()); System.Console.WriteLine("Area of circle= " + c.area()); }

37. Generic programming Generic programming refers to performing operations on different types using a single piece of code Generic programming refers to performing operations on different types using a single piece of code  Examples include the application of searching and sorting algorithms to different data types In Java, this is done using polymorphism and the fact that all types are ultimately derived from a superclass object In Java, this is done using polymorphism and the fact that all types are ultimately derived from a superclass object In C++ it is normally done using templates In C++ it is normally done using templates C# provides both mechanisms for generic programming C# provides both mechanisms for generic programming  We will look at an example of generic searching using polymorphism

38. Generic programming Suppose we want a generic search algorithm to search for any kind of object in an array Class object provides an Equals() method to test whether one object is equal to another   Simply checks if the 2 object references point to the same area of memory   Not very useful in practice We need to provide an Equals() method in the class of the object we are searching for   Polymorphism does the rest!

39. Generic Programming In the following example we are searching for a BankAccount object in an array   The search is based on the account number Class SearchAlg provides a linearSearch method which carries out the search We have provided an implementation of Equals() in class BankAccount which overrides the Equals() method in object

40. public class BankAccount { private int accountNumber; private string accountHolder; private int balance; public BankAccount(int n,string name,int b) { accountNumber = n; accountHolder = name; balance = b; } public int AccountNumber { // accountNumber property} public string AccountHolder { // accounHolder property} public int Balance { // balance property} public void withdraw(int amount) { if (balance>amount) balance-=amount; } public void deposit(int amount) { balance+=amount;} public override bool Equals(object obj) { BankAccount b = (BankAccount) obj; return (accountNumber==b.accountNumber); }

41. Generic Programming using System; public class SearchAlg { public static int linearSearch(object[] a, object b) { int n=a.Length; for (int i=0; i<n; i++) { if (a[i].Equals(b)) return i; } return -1; }

42. using System; public class BankAccountTest { static void Main(string[] args) { BankAccount[] b = new BankAccount[3]; b[0]=new BankAccount(12345, "John Smith",100); b[1]=new BankAccount(13579, "Bill Jones",200); b[2]=new BankAccount(87654, "Paul Brown",300); BankAccount bt=new BankAccount(13579, "JonesB", 700); int index=SearchAlg.linearSearch(b,bt); Console.WriteLine("Account found at index " + index); } Generic Programming

43. Polymorphism and OOP Polymorphism is a key feature of object oriented programming Polymorphism is a key feature of object oriented programming Complex systems are able to be easily extended Complex systems are able to be easily extended  The extendibility is provided by defining new classes within an inheritance hierarchy  Objects of these new classes are accessed through a base class reference  These objects add new behaviours to the system through a common interface to the application (the base class virtual functions)

44. Polymorphism and OOP For example we could extend the list of animals to which we can send ‘move’ messages in our video game application For example we could extend the list of animals to which we can send ‘move’ messages in our video game application  Each animal is responsible for its own movement code which can easily ‘plug- in’ to the main application  Thus the application is easily extended with minimal changes to the main application code

45. Polymorphism and OOP Move.... animal

46. Summary We have looked at how we can extend existing classes through the idea of inheritance We have looked at how we can extend existing classes through the idea of inheritance We have seen how, by accessing derived classes through a base class pointer, object behaviour is determined at run time through polymorphism We have seen how, by accessing derived classes through a base class pointer, object behaviour is determined at run time through polymorphism We have looked at abstract classes where there is no obvious implementation of base class virtual methods We have looked at abstract classes where there is no obvious implementation of base class virtual methods  These methods are always overriden by derived class methods We have looked at the significance of polymorphism in object orientation We have looked at the significance of polymorphism in object orientation  Object oriented applications are easily extended with additional code mainly confined to new derived classes