1. Particle Induced X Ray Emission and Mars Exploration Rovers

2. Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometry APXS uses a variety of radiation techniques to determine atomic nuclei mass – Alpha particle – Protons – X-Ray Radioactive Currium is used as the alpha particle source Photo of Mars Pathfinder with APXS highlighted in red

3. Alpha Particles Alpha particles ( 4 He) are emitted from Curim source Using Rutherford’s laws for backscattering, the atomic mass of the nuclei can be determined Lighter elements absorb energy of alpha particle Heavier elements reflect energy of alpha particle of the same energy Most useful in determining lighter elemental composition of a sample

4. Protons Alpha particles are absorbed by atomic nuclei producing protons of a defined energy Sodium, magnesium, silicon, aluminum, and sulfur detection Used only by Mars Pathfinder, subsequent Mar Exploration Rovers did not use

5. Particle Induced X-Ray Emission Alpha particles ejected electrons from the inner electron shell (K or L shell) – K series: ejection from K shell – L series: ejection from L shell Outer shell electrons drop down to fill vacancies, but only certain transitions are allowed. Energy emitted.

6. Particle Induced X-Ray Emission Energy emitted is characteristic of an element E = Energy difference between shells Wavelength= K/E where E is the energy emitted & K is a constant = 1.9865 x 10-16 nm J The number and energy of X ray emitted are measured

7. Results Rock sample from Barnacle Bill in Ares Vallis on Mars Unexpectedly high in silica and potassium; low in magnesium compared to martian soils and martian meteorites. Analysis indicates that sample rocks are andesitic (volcanic)

8. Advantages Compact Low power Non destructive to sample High sensitivity High resolution (especially for heavier elements) Disadvantages Slower than other available methods Use of radioactive material