1. Apr 13, 2007PHYS 142 1 General Physics II Applications of Quantum Mechanics

2. Apr 13, 2007PHYS 142 2 Characteristic X-Rays Electrons decelerated by target - produce spectrum of x-rays Lines = characteristic x-rays Characteristic x-rays

3. Apr 13, 2007PHYS 142 3 Characteristic X-Rays Inner electron of target atom knocked out of atom Electron from a higher level fills vacancy –N=2 fills vacancy in n=1 K  line –N=3 fills vacancy in n=1 K  line –N=3 fills vacancy in n=2 L  line –N=4 fills vacancy in n=2 L  line +

4. Apr 13, 2007PHYS 142 4 Characteristic X-Rays Energy of photon = energy between levels as outer electron jumps down Energy calculations must take into account electron shielding –Count all electrons present in lower levels + Electron in n=1 shell E K = -(Z-1) 2 (13.6eV) Electron in n=3 shell E M = -(Z-9) 2 (13.6eV)/n 2 E photon = E M - E K

5. Apr 13, 2007PHYS 142 5 Example 1 An electron drops from the M shell (n=3) to a vacancy in the K shell (n=1) in a silver Z=47 atom. What is the change in energy E i - E f ?

6. Apr 13, 2007PHYS 142 6 Atomic Transitions Atoms can only absorb photons with energy E=hf matching an atomic transition (stimulated absorption process) Once electron is in an excited state, two ways of becoming unexcited 1.Spontaneous emission (electron jumps back down on its own, emitting photon) 2.Stimulated emission - light with energy equal to excitation energy incident on atom 2 photons in phase (coherent)

7. Apr 13, 2007PHYS 142 7 LASER LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

8. Apr 13, 2007PHYS 142 8 Solids Atoms are influenced by their neighbors Energy levels widen into bands interspersed by band gaps gap band Electrons have energy anywhere within the bands

9. Apr 13, 2007PHYS 142 9 Example 2 When a hydrogen atom absorbs a photon that raises it to the n=4 state, what is the greatest number of photons that can be emitted as it drops back to the ground state?