1. Chinese and mexican Revolutions
Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments c1900 to the Present
Chinese and mexican Revolutions

2. Chinese revolution

3. Partner Discussion Question
What were some of the problems that Qing China was facing by 1900? Give TWO examples.
Use the map for some extra insights!!!

4. China Revolution - Background
China dominated by imperialist powers
Government = Conservative and anti-foreign (remember the Boxer Rebellion!)
BUT…Gov’t blamed for being weak due to the domination of foreigners

5. Chinese Revolution (1911-1912)
Decline of the Qing
Failed to modernize China
Didn’t confront foreign powers
Series of uprising and revolts mostly fought by peasants (as is the case in the decline of EVERY Chinese dynasty)
Leadership of 1911 uprising is based on cooperation between intellectual elite (including Communists) and provincial Chinese warlords
The Guomingdang (Nationalist) Party is formed

6. Group Discussion Question
What difficulties might a newly formed government face in China in 1912? Who would the government want to appeal to (peasants, industrialists, intellectuals, military, etc.)?

7. China (Civil War) - Roots
China becomes a republic under Sun Yat-sen
Chinese warlords overthrow the republican government and Sun Yat-Sen flees to Japan
Other warlords (old provincial governors) fight the Nationalist Party for power
1928 – Sun Yat-sen’s successor, Chiang Kai-shek, eventually leads the Nationalists to power

8. Chinese Civil War (Roots)
Sun Yat-sen

9. Chinese Civil War
Under Chiang Kai-shek living conditions of the peasants do not improve
Communists – supported by peasants
Nationalists were seen as corrupt and favoring the elite and business classes
The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, oppose the Nationalist government
Mao forms the Red Army to fight against the Nationalist government

10. Chinese Civil War
Mao Zedong
Chiang Kai-Shek

11. Group Discussion Question
What disadvantages did the Communist party and Red Army face in fighting against the Nationalists? What advantages did the Communist and Red Army have?

12. Chinese Civil War
The Nationalists win many victories against the Communist Red Army
Chiang and his Nationalist army surround the Red Army
The Long March – Red Army retreats -started with 100,000 men and ends with 8,000
Communist and Nationalist join forces to fight against Japanese invasion
Saves the Communist movement

13. The Long March

14. Chinese Civil War After WWII – Civil War continues
1949 – Mao’s Communist forces defeat Chiang’s Nationalist forces
Communist forces used weapons given to them by the Nationalists to fight the Japanese
Increased support from the Soviet Union
Western democracies abandon support for Chiang
Chiang/Nationalists retreat to the island of Taiwan off the coast of China
Mao/Communists in charge of mainland China
Separation of China still exists today
Taiwan (Republic of China)

15. Retreat of Nationalist Forces

16. Partner Question
What did the Communists believe was needed for China to become self-sufficient in the post-World War II era? How might China achieve this goal? (HINT: Think about Japan in the 1880s!!!)

17. China – Great Leap Forward
Chinese communists want to build a better, more industrialized economy
People worked in “communes” – large gov’t controlled cooperatives (work groups)
Peasants made steel in their backyards
Ultimately a disaster – 20 million people starved as production on farms slashed

18. China – Great Leap Forward

19. China – the Cultural Revolution
Ideological division in China’s Communist Party
Pragmatists – wanted practical reforms
Cultural Revolution – Mao’s attempt to take power away from pragmatists
Red Guards – students who supported Mao
Attacked teachers, people in authority
Red Guard uses extreme force to conduct the Cultural Revolution
1968 – Mao uses Red Army to put a stop to the Cultural Revolution

20. China – the Cultural Revolution

21. China – the Four Modernizations
1976 – Mao dies
Deng Xiaoping gained power
Four Modernizations
Improvements in agriculture, industry, science, defense
End commune system – some private property
Attract foreign investment
Create more efficient factories operating on principles of supply and demand

22. China
Deng Xiaoping

23. Group Discussion Question
In the Four Modernizations, what aspect of the Chinese people’s lives is missing? What does Deng NOT address that the people may desire?

24. China – Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)
Deng’s policy led to free enterprise (state capitalism) – but no political freedoms
Students protested for more open political system in Tiananmen Square
Protest brutally put down by government
1,000’s killed, many other imprisoned

25. China – Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)

26. Mexican Revolution

27. Partner Discussion Question
What aspect of Mexican society would have been most likely to have caused a political revolution? (HINT: Think about the early Latin American Revolutions in the early 1800s!!)

28. Mexican Revolution - Background
Rigid social order remains
Creoles
Mestizos
Africans
Native Americans
United States has great influence over Mexican economy (railroads, oil production, banking)
Mexican Presidency – “job for life” position
President Porfirio Diaz looking to grow Mexican industry with foreign capital

29. Porforio Diaz

30. Mexican Revolution - Background
The Effects of the “Porfiriato” (or Policy of Porforio)
Foreign and Mexican owners discriminated against Mexican workers and Mexican middle class
Did nothing to improve the lives of the poorest Mestizos
Neglected education
Confiscated ejidos (or common lands)

31. Ejidos

32. Mexican Revolution
By 1910 – large portions of Mexican society fed up with Diaz
Political and social turmoil resulted
Diaz said he was ready to retire
Diaz reneges on his promise, jails his opponent (Francisco Madero), and the election results in widespread voter fraud
Revolts occur.
1911 – Diaz is overthrown and exiled

33. Mexican Revolution
Francisco Madero – despite being a wealthy landowner, promises agrarian reform
Doesn’t fulfill his promise
New rivals for influence among peasants/reformers emerge
Emiliano Zapata – organized peasants from southern Mexico
Francisco “Pancho” Villa – organized peasants from Northern Mexico

34. Francisco Madero
Emilio Zapata
“Pancho” Villa

35. The Mexican Revolution
Huerta and the US
Victoriano Huerta overthrows Madero
Mexican general
Conspires with US Ambassador to overthrow the Madero gov’t
However, the US Gov’t doesn’t recognize this gov’t and sends forces to occupy the city of Vera Cruz (1914)
Carranza
The US backs Venustian Carranza, a politician more friendly to the US
Zapata and Villa both fight Huerta as well

36. Mexican Revolution
Victoriano Huerta
Venustian Carranza

37. The Mexican Revolution
Huerta is defeated and Carranza becomes President
Carranza begins to gain support of peasants with promises of a new constitution
Zapata and Villa now fight against Carranza
Villa conducts raids in southwestern US
US sends troops into Mexico to capture Villa but FAIL

38. Chasing “Pancho” Villa
US General Pershing

39. Group Discussion Question
We have seen SEVERAL Mexican mini-revolutions… why do revolutions keep occurring? What does the new president and his government fail to do?

40. The Mexican Constitution
Ratified on January 31st, 1917
Universal suffrage
Restrictions on foreign ownership of Mexican land and industry
Limits work day to 8 hours
Establishes a minimum wage
Requires land reform

41. Mexican Revolution - Aftermath
Zapata is tricked into capture and is executed in 1917
Villa agrees to a peace deal with Carranza but is later assassinated in 1923
Who gains?
Mexican middle class, some Mexican workers, Indian culture (e.g. murals of Diego Rivera)
PRI – the Institutionalized Revolutionary Party
Picks Mexican leaders
Little real democracy
Who gains the least?
Poorest Mexican agricultural workers
Poorly paid
Illiterate

42. Diego Rivera

43. Mexican Peasants