1. Do you think that homosexual people should have the right to marry?
Warm Up:
Do you think that homosexual people should have the right to marry?

2. Chapter 18
Section 1

3. Civil Rights Movement Prior to 1954
NAACP Legal Defense Fund created (1940)
- Thurgood Marshall
- the legal arm of the civil rights movement
Ban against discrimination in defense industries (1941)
Founding of Congress of Racial Equality (1942)
- Dedicated to nonviolent protest
Integration of baseball by Jackie Robinson (1947)
Executive Order 9981 (1948)
- Desegregated the armed forces

4. Brown vs. Board of Education 1954
Ruled that schools could no longer be segregated
Violated constitutional guarantee of equal protection under the law
Overturned Plessy Vs. Ferguson (1896)

5. Watch Eyes on The Prize
Episode 1

6. Warm Up:
What problems existed with the Supreme Court ruling Brown vs. Board of Education? How were these problems overcome?

7. Chapter 18
Section 2

8. Civil Rights Tactics based on those use by Mohandas Gandhi
Non-Violence
Use of non-violence exposed injustice,
forced change

9. Civil Rights Strategies
Sit-ins- people began ordering an segregated restaurants and refusing to leave
Freedom Rides - African American bus riders would go to white only facilities in bus routes through out the South
Integration – African American students would attend white only schools
Boycotts
Marches
Voter Registration

10. Watch Eyes on the Prize
Episode 3

11. The Albany Movement
Late 1961, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Began a sit-in at Albany, Georgia bus station
- 500 protesters arrested
MLK invited to lead more demonstrations
- Brought national attention
Arrested for leading march on city hall
- Refused to pay fine
Vowed to remain in jail until city desegregated
City officials refused to negotiate while King was in town
In Aug. 1962, King called off demonstrations

12. The Birmingham Campaign
King focused on desegregating Birmingham, Alabama
Began in April 1963
Sit-ins and marches
Protesters, including King, arrested

13. Read: Letter from a Birmingham Jail

14. Warm Up: Review: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Why did Dr. King become involved in the protest in Birmingham?
Why does Dr. King promote the use of what he calls “direct action” in Birmingham?
What does Dr. King say in response to those who say that the movement to end segregation should wait?
How does Dr. King justify the fact that those participating in this non-violent campaign are breaking the law?
What, according to Dr. King, is the difference between a just law and an unjust law?

15. The Birmingham Campaign
Fewer adults willing to risk losing jobs by going to jail
SCLC encouraged using children to protest
May 2, 1963 children aged 6-18 began to protest
- 900 arrested and jailed
Starting May 3rd, 1963 police and firefighters violently broke up student demonstrations
- TV cameras recorded the violence

17. The Birmingham Campaign
Federal negotiators succeeded in getting city officials to agree to King’s demands
“most magnificent victory for justice we’ve seen in the Deep South”
Many white people in Birmingham resisted
King’s motel and home of his brother were bombed
President Kennedy ordered federal troops to restore order

18. March on Washington Aug. 1963
200,000 people attend rally at National Mall
Largest civil rights demonstration in U.S.

19. Watch I Have a Dream Speech

20. Chapter 18
Section 3

21. Major Civil Rights Reforms
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Gave federal government authority to enforce civil rights laws
Executive Order (1962)
Banned racial & religious discrimination in housing built or purchased with federal aid
24th Amendment 1962
Banned poll tax

22. Major Civil Rights Reforms
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Banned discrimination in employment
Banned discrimination in public accommodations
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Literacy tests, and other such requirements that were used to restrict black voting are made illegal.
Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act)
Banned discrimination in the sale or renting of housing

23. Did the Civil Rights Movement create equality for African Americans?

24. Chapter 18
Section 4

25. Problems de jure segregation – segregation by law
de facto segregation - segregation that occurs through customs and practice
de jure segregation existed in the South
de facto segregation existed throughout the nation

26. Conditions outside the South
Most northern blacks lived in cities
Faced discrimination:
Housing
- All black neighborhoods
Banks
Inability to buy and improve property
Urban decay
Jobs
- High unemployment and poverty

27. Urban Unrest
Frustration over poor conditions led to violence outside the South
Watts Riots (1965)
- 3,000 arrested
- 34 killed
- Entire city blocks destroyed

28. Civil Rights Movement goes North
SCLC focused on Chicago in 1966
- Chicago’s black community focused on economic not civil rights issues
Chicago police refused to use force
- MLK found no media attention
Moved protest to white neighborhoods
- Residents threw rocks and bottles at marchers
- Police protected marchers
Protest backfired, whites who criticized racism in South did not want to see it exposed in the North

29. Black Power Stokely Carmichael became leader of SNCC
Rejected philosophy of non-violence
Called for Black Power
- African Americans had to depend on themselves to solve problems

30. The Black Panthers
Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland CA
Rejected non-violence
Only way to liberate blacks was through violent revolution
Members began to carry guns and monitor neighborhoods to guard against police brutality

31. Black Panther Party

32. Black Muslims Nation of Islam founded in 1930 Led by Elijah Muhammad
Members called Black Muslims
Preached black nationalism, self discipline & self reliance
By 1960s, 65,000 followers
Some Black Muslims took the last name “X” to represent lost African identity

33. Malcolm X Preached message of hope, defiance & black pride
Critical of MLK & non-violence
- “revolutions overturn systems”
Made the Hajj in 1964
- Returned a changed man
- Began to call for racial harmony
Assassinated by Black Muslims who considered him a traitor in 1965

34. Assassination of King
Was in Memphis speaking on behalf of black sanitation workers
Faced discrimination in hiring and pay
Assassinated at motel the day after leading a rally April 4, 1968
James Earl Ray
Riots erupted in 120 cities across nation
- Lasted 3 weeks
- 46 dead, 2,600 injured, 21,000 arrested

35. Warm Up:
Compare the philosophies of MLK Jr. and the Black Power movement.

36. Chapter 18
Section 5

37. Equal Rights Movements
Poor People’s Campaign 1968
Organized following the assassination of MLK
Focus on poor instead of African Americans
- Lacked leadership
Congress linked movement to Communism
Beginning of decline of the Civil Rights movement

38. Decline of Black Power FBI began to monitor Black Power groups
Believed they had ties to Communism
Led raids, that resulted in conflicts
Many leaders were killed or arrested

39. Results of the Civil Rights Movement
Bussing – campaign to integrate schools.
Students transported from their neighborhoods to other parts of the city
Led to violent protest across the country
Mass movement of whites to the suburbs

40. Results of the Civil Rights Movement
Affirmative Action
Preference to minority and women in hiring and college admission

41. Equal Rights Movements
In addition to the Civil Rights movement
Feminist Movement
Betty Freidan- The Feminine Mystique described lack of fulfillment in women's life
NOW- National organization for Women
Equal job and education opportunity,
Equal pay
Title IX 1972
- Prohibits gender discrimination in all areas of higher education, including athletics

42. Equal Rights Movements
Migrant Farm Workers
Low wages, no job contracts
UFW- United Farm Workers, founded by Cesar Chavez and Delores Huerta
Strikes and Boycotts
Today UFW workers enjoy better pay, medical benefits and paid vacations

43. Equal Rights Native Americans
Faced poverty, reservations lacked good schools, transportation and jobs
Many had poor soil for farming

44. Equal Rights Native Americans AIM- American Indian Movement in 1968
Won more control of their reservations
Wanted government to return land that had been taken unfairly
In Maine, government paid $25 billion for land that was unfairly taken