1. Sinusoidal Projection Keywords This article discusses the digitization of the classic Bibliography of Map Projections by John P. Snyder into a searchable database. It explains the purpose of the digitization project from the perspective that in this “digital age,” important bodies of work will completely fail to meet the information needs and behaviors of cartographic research scientists, if not digitized. Such works will tragically cease to exist for all practical purposes in the world of information, due to their lack of accessibility using digital retrieval systems. As a part of an effort by the International Cartographic Association (ICA) Commission on Map Projections, the creation of the Snyder bibliography into a database with a keyword search function will also benefit researchers by enabling them to obtain entire lists of works on single related topics or by individual authors. The paper also looks at the background of the bibliography, including Snyder’s specific motivations in developing it. The Bibliography of Map Projections was first published in 1988 by the United States Geological Survey as Bulletin 1856. It is comprehensive with approximately 3,000 items and110 pages. Its historical importance is shown, such as the inclusion of works from as early as the second century A.D. – a classic work by Ptolemy – and 51 works from prior to the 18 th century. The paper discusses how Snyder effectively elevated map projections in the hierarchy of information, and it describes how the bibliography can now actively indicate future research directions and be a dynamic part of the research environment, which was Snyder’s intention. Details of the process of digitization are provided, such as the discovery of specific bibliographic software tools that best aided different phases of the process. Technological features such as options in the selection of reference types, customization of category fields, and defined term lists are included. The advantages and disadvantages of different software tools for actual usage are included, such as which tool best allows for collaborative work; and which has an interactive environment that links directly to web sources that hold any of the large quantity of references in their online catalog. The paper concludes with a description of plans for the ongoing growth of the bibliography, and the protocol for its maintenance. The relationship of the digitized bibliography to the ICA Commission on Map Projections is also explained. Abstract map projections, John P. Snyder, map bibliographies, map library with Tissot’s indicatrix of deformation.. Retrieved from :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidal_projection  Historical achievement in cartography.  Prior to Snyder, references less accessible as researchers had to drill down through larger, more general works.  Snyder’s intentions for the publication:  to create more than an inventory list.  to indicate research directions still to be explored/ to assist in the pursuit of those explorations Objectives Profile of Bibliography  To build a searchable database of the Bibliography of Map Projections.  To serve as CEGIS’ contribution to the ICA Commission on Map Projections.  To be made publicly accessible to the cartographic community. Unique Significance  Comprehensive: Over 3,000 references, 110 pages  Multi-disciplinary: Geographers, cartographers, geodesists, etc; Sociologists, political scientists, architects, etc.  Multi-perspective: Theory/Practice, Description/Criticism, Commentary/Advocacy  Snyder’s personal annotations International Importance Contribution at an International level due to recognition of the global nature of cartography’s development. Includes 28 languages:  50% English  28% German, Russian, and French, respectively  22 % other languages - majority are Polish, Hungarian, Italian, and Spanish Historical Importance  Earliest reference – ca 150 AD - classic work by Ptolemy  Only a single reference from the Dark Ages, ca 1265 – Opus majus, v. 2, Roger Bacon  Total of 51 references from before 1800 Finding the right bibliographic tools followed a progression: EndNote – Best design for large-scale bibliographic entry.  42 reference types  Existing fields can be customized  Unique category fields can be created  Defined term lists can be created  Good capabilities for large-scale exports into WikIndX and Zotero. WikIndX – Best design to meet ongoing user needs.  Open source bibliographic management system  Unlimited attachments  Good keyword search function  Suitable for individual or collaborative work  Accommodates large-scale uploads Zotero  Open source tool  Interactive environment with locate- view feature  Firefox add-on feature (single browser)  Problems experienced with large-scale uploads Mercator Projection Challenges  Cyrillic alphabet – used for Russian, Bulgarian, and Slavic languages, was displaying in non-sensical characters: MNWYV ESVFUI\E] E EFJMNPSMGI\E] OCR solution results: [ПpoблеJwы изыскания E иcnoльзoвания  I mporting into Zotero – Keyword issue led to a logjam of 20,000 titles in queue Status  EndNote – Completed with 3,006 entries - March 2010.  Zotero – Imported as CEGIS Group Library - June 2010  WIKINDX - Completely uploaded and functioning – November 2010 ONGOING FUNCTIONS WikIndx – to house Snyder for searchable database use and ongoing growth EndNote – “special use,” i.e. creation of large bodies of references to be downloaded into the working WikIndx bibliography Future AIM: To continue to add new references to the bibliography as submitted by the cartographic community. PROTOCOL  ICA Commission Chairman will have total Administrative Management role, including read/write.  The Chairman will provide Authorized Access to appropriate individuals for read/write abilities.  The ongoing Snyder Bibliography will be accessible and searchable as read-only to all having URL access information. Any use of trade names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government. Digitization of the Bibliography of Map Projections Elisa C. Wood, Michael P. Finn, and E. Lynn Usery U.S. Geological Survey, Center of Excellence for Geospatial Information Science Denver Federal Center, Box 25046, Mail Stop 510; Denver, CO USA 80225 ecwood@usgs.govecwood@usgs.gov, mfinn@usgs.gov, usery@usgs.govmfinn@usgs.govusery@usgs.gov Process of Project