2. DNA Technology Chapter 13 Honors Biology

3. Genetically Modified Organisms Modified genome of an organism ▫Takes DNA from multiple sources and combine them to form a new genome  DNA from same species  DNA from different species- Transgenic organisms

4. Crops that Do NOT need fertilizer Disease resistant plants Insect resistance Herbicide resistant Salt-tolerant plants

5. Golden Rice Insertion of genes to produce a precursor of vitamin A (beta- carotene) Helps areas where there is a shortage of dietary vitamin A Golden rice White rice

6. Dangers of GMO’s Unexpected allergies Introduction of new genes to a population ▫SUPER WEEDS Creation of invasive species

7. See the hornworm beginning to form at the leaves!

8. This hornworm eats and destroys the tomato plant!

9. Hornworms attack tomato and tobacco plants

10. DNA Fingerprints I. DNA Fingerprints  pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from an individual’s DNA USED FOR: ▫DETECTION OF A RELATIVE ▫SIMILARITIES BETWEEN SPECIES ▫Forensics

11. Forensics- DNA fingerprinting VNTR- Variable number tandem repeats Show variations in length between individuals Can be compared with DNA databases (CODIS)

12. What about twins? Dizygotic (fraternal twins) do not have the same DNA ▫More like siblings that happen to be the same age Monozygotic (identical twins)have identical DNA ▫But not identical fingerprints!

13. How do you make DNA fingerprints? RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis ▫1. extract DNA from specimen using restriction enzymes ▫2. separate fragments of DNA using electrophoresis (separates DNA according to size and charge) ▫3. placed in wells made on gel and run electric current through gel ▫4. blotted onto filter paper/ photgraphic film.

14. Analysis ▫negative fragments migrate to positive charged end of gel but not all at same rate ▫pores in gel allow smaller fragments to migrate faster  separating fragments by size.

15. Electrophoresis “electro” = electricity “phoros” = to carry acrossElectrophoresis Determine the genetic differences and the evolutionary relationship among species of organisms Method that separates on basis of size, electric charge and other physical properties

16. Can you tell who could be the father? Circle matching DNA bands

17. Are you related? Linkage analysis A mother, father, and their four “children”

18. Accuracy of DNA Fingerprints DNA fingerprints are very accurate However, genetic tests can only absolutely disprove, not prove, relationship! Courts accept 99.5% accuracy as proof of alleged paternity

19. Evolutionary linkage- Common ancestor?

20. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Used when you only have a TINY piece of DNA PCR can be used to quickly make many copies of selected segments of the available DNA Use a PRIMER to initiate replication DNA doubles every 5 minutes

21. PCR is used for: 1. Forensics ▫increased the amount of DNA evidence for testing 2. Diagnosing genetic disorders 3. Studying ancient fragments of DNA (tiny amounts)

22. Vaccines Used to improve immunity against certain diseases Present- Uses weakened or dead versions of the microorganism ▫Risk of the body not being able to handle the infection ▫Risk of dead organisms reviving

23. DNA Vaccines Future- DNA vaccines- using specific parts of DNA that code for antigens ▫No risk of infection Avian flu- virus

24. Cloning Growing a population of genetically identical cells from a single cell. 1997 - Ian Wilmut with Dolly, the cloned sheep

25. CLONE 1. A cell, group of cells, or organism from and genetically identical to a single ancestor. 2. An organism descended asexually from a single ancestor. CLONING 1. To make multiple identical copies of a DNA sequence. 2. To create or propagate an organism from a clone cell. 3. To produce a copy of. Clone vs. Cloning

26. Uses Cloning can be used to test for genetic diseases Regenerate nerves or spinal cord tissue Help in plastic surgery Clone organs for transplantation Grow skin grafts for burn victims Manufacture bone, fat, and cartilage

27. Steps 1.Remove nucleus from egg cell 2.Fuse de-nucleated cell with a body cell from another adult 3.Cells fuse to become 2N and then divides 4.Implant embryo in reproductive system of foster mother

29. Ethical Issues What are the implications of cloning? How will cloning affect the medical field? What will be the effect on the gene pool? Is there potential for abuse? How should it be regulated? Would you consider cloning yourself?

30. Stem Cells Self renewing-regenerate Multi-potency- can become many different types of cells Uses ▫Basic Knowledge of Human Development ▫Models of Human Disease ▫Transplantation-Cell Replacement ▫Drug Development ▫Organogenesis