1. Chapter 18 The Classification of Organisms Organizing and classifying living things http://diginthehumanities.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/zits-taxonomy.gif

2. Taxonomy 1. Species: a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring 2. a science that involves the naming and classifying of living organisms. http://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/dyrynda-matrix-comb-1-wl.JPG

3. Binomial Nomenclature Developed by Carlos Linnaeus Two Word system for naming organisms Universal! http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/t/tulip_CarlLinnaeusPortrait.jpg

4. Scientific Name A. genus-similar species B. species-basic biological unit C. Genus capitalized, species lower case Example: Homo sapien http://wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/binomialNomenclature.gif

5. Advantages A. many common names- eliminates confusion. B. every species has its own scientific name. What animal is this ? –puma –Mountain lion –Cougar –Panther –Felis concolor

6. Eliminates Confusion! http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/bird/collection/med/robins.jpg http://www.netaxs.com/~mhmyers/cdjpgs/robin4.jpg

7. Classifying Species into Large Groups 1. Taxa (taxon)- a group or level of organization to which an organisms are classified. Classification System **based on shared characteristics Kingdom- group of phylum

9. What’s in a Kingdom B. phylum- a set of classes C. class- a set of orders D. order- a group of families E. family- a group of genuses F. genus G. species

10. http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/human.jpg

11. Make up a saying! Kingkingdom Philphylum CameClass Overorder Forfamily Goodgenus Spaghettispecies

12. Hybrids http://www.arkanimals.com/GRAPHICS/ARK/Dumped.jpg http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/images/050804_ligers.jpg http://www.sfcmuseum.org/images/mules%20wagon.jpg

13. Coy-dogs? No Coy-Wolf Western Coyote- moved east. Great Lakes Wolf population- almost hunted to extinction The two population interbreed to create the Eastern Coyote: Not afraid of humans Hang out in family units http://naturalunseenhazards.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/coywolf1.jpg http://adirondackexplorer.org/out-takes/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/web-skulls.jpg

14. Review Questions 1. What is the science of naming and classifying organisms called? 2. What is binomial nomenclature? 3. How are scientific names written? 4. What are the advantages of using scientific names vs. common names? 5. What is the order in which organisms are classified? Start with kingdom, …

15. 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of lineages. Common Ancestor - members are placed in taxa based on relatedness. Clade- a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.

16. What is a Cladogram? Cladograms- links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched from a common ancestor.

17. Derived Characteristics 1. a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed a long to its descendants. 2. Which are derived characteristics of a coyotes and lions? –4 limbs –Hair –Specialized teeth –Retractable claws

18. Reading Cladograms –This cladogram shows a simplified phylogeny of the cat family.

19. DNA in Classification DNA comparisons help make evolutionary trees more accurate. For Example: –African Vulture –American Vulture –Storks http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/african-white-backed-vulture-05a16063.jpg http://wildlifeofnorthamerica.info/BNA/TkVu_086A_4x6_024224.jpg http://www.sch.im/wlp/large%20images/stork.jpg

20. 18.3 Building the Tree of Life

21. The Tree of All Life

22. DOMAIN: the largest of the classification categories THERE ARE 3 DOMAINS: 1.Bacteria 2.Archaea 3.Eukarya The differences between these Domains are based upon cell type: prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic

23. Domain Bacteria 1. Prokaryotic 2. Unicellular 3.No nucleus or membrane bound organelles 4. Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan

24. Domain Archaea Are prokaryotic Are unicellular Look like bacteria but have a different type of cell wall and cell membrane They can live in “extreme” environments

25. Domain Eukarya All organisms that have a nucleus. –Kingdoms: Protista Fungi Plantea Animalia

26. Kingdom Protista in the Domain Eukarya 1. Eukaryotic 2. Unicellular 3. Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles 4.Protozoa-animal-like protists 5. Some photosynthetic (red, green, brown and multicellular algea in protista. http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/GIFs/protists.jpg

27. Kelp forest:brown algae http://www.ianskipworth.com/photo/pcd1742/kelp_forest_15_4.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mbnms-simon.org/images/build/kelp_forest_image01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mbnms-simon.org/sections/kelpForest/overview.php%3Fsec%3Dkf&h=152&w=202&sz=21&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=u-hQ5s5FzFXqHM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkelp%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

28. Kingdom Fungi: in the Domain Eukarya A. Eukaryotic B. molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. C. Parasites and decomposers D. both unicellular and multicellular E. have enzymes and digest materials outside then absorb it. Cell wall-composed of chitin http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpg

29. Kingdom Plantae- in the Domain Eukarya A. Eukaryotic B. Cell wall-composed of cellulose C. Multicellular D. tissue and organ specialization E. lack movement F. Photosynthetic- have chloroplasts & can make their own food http://www.photo.net/photo/pcd2488/maple-trees-12.4.jpg

30. Kingdom Animalia- in the Domain Eukarya A. Eukaryotic B. All multicellular C. more organisms in this kingdom than any other. Levels of organization are present: –Cells –Tissues –Organs –Organ system http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hafdis.dk/pictures/silly/animals/The%25203%2520monkeys.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hafdis.dk/pictures/silly/animals/&h=600&w=800&sz=61&tbnid=CdEfnoxGlYEJ:&tbnh=106&tbnw=142&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmonkeys%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D

31. Animals continued E. Heterotrophs-have to eat food Invertebrates- no backbone(insects, worms, Mr.Via) Vertebrates-have backbones(fish, snakes, and humans.) Sexual reproduction is more common.