1. Computer Memory
GCSE Computing

2. Objectives
describe the difference between RAM and ROM explain the need for ROM in a computer system
describe the purpose of RAM in a computer system
explain how the amount of RAM in a personal computer affects the performance of the computer
explain the need for virtual memory
describe cache memory
describe flash memory
discuss how changes in memory technologies are leading to innovative computer designs.

3. Intro We have already looked at ways of storing data.
What methods did we look at?
These methods were known as what type of storage and why?

4. Memory The memory inside the computer is known as the main memory.
Data is stored on the RAM and cache.
These are known as volatile memory. This means that when the power is switched off the data on the memory is lost.

5. RAM Stands for Random Access Memory
The RAM is used for the operating system, applications that are being run on a computer and any data in use.
The RAM basically holds the data that we are currently working on.

6. RAM
Data for the files you are working on is saved on the RAM until you click the save button. This means you could lose them until you click save (as they are stored in volatile storage)
When the computer is switched on, the boot sequence is loaded from the ROM
Secondary Storage
Primary Storage
Therefore the more RAM you have, the more data it can hold that is related to what you are currently working on. This means the CPU can access this data quicker and therefore the quicker your computer will run.
The ROM is non volatile as the data is not lost when the power is switched off
So why do we not just store data straight away on the HDD and forget about the RAM?
When the OS is loaded, it is loaded into the RAM. This is because we will now be using it.
The application data is then loaded onto the RAM as we will be using it.
As part of the boot sequence, the operating system which is stored on the HDD is loaded
It takes a lot longer for the data to be retrieved and stored on the HDD than the RAM so saving it on the HDD all the time would slow down your computer a lot
If you the user then opens up application software e.g. Word, Web browser etc, this file is also found on the HDD
By having data loaded onto the RAM it makes it much quicker for the CPU to access it. This means that your computer will run quicker
Once you click save the data is stored on the HDD. It will now not be lost when the power is off.

7. What next
So now data is in the RAM this means that we are using it. Therefore this also means that the CPU is going to want to access it.
A computer will only have a small amount of cache but the more it has, the quicker the CPU can process data and the quicker your computer will run
There is another type of memory called cache. This is often built into the CPU.
Data stored on the cache is very quick for the CPU to access. Therefore data that the CPU is going to process is taken from the RAM and put onto the cache
The CPU could get the data from the RAM each time it needs to complete a process but even this would still take too long

8. Amounts of storage
Secondary Storage: e.g. hard drive, USB, SD Card, CD etc will have a large amount of storage for a relatively cheap price. For example a typical computer will now have a build in hard drive of around 1TB. All of this type of storage is non volatile
Primary Storage: You will have less RAM and it can be quite expensive. A typical computer may now have around 8Gb of RAM built in. This type of storage is volatile
Primary Storage: The cache memory is often built into the CPU and only has a small amount of memory. This can be very expensive. This type of storage is volatile

9. Transferring Data
Non Volatile so stores data when power is turned off.
Stores Operating system, application software and all data files. When required by the computer they are found on the HDD and moved to the RAM
The data held here is what is being worked on. When it is going to be needed by the CPU it is moved to the Cache. When it needs to be permanently saved or not used anymore it is moved back to the HDD
When the CPU needs data to process it first looks at the Cache. If it is not there it requests the data from the RAM which may then request it from the HDD. The data on the CPU can be processed quickly.

10. Click to play animation
Task
There is a lot of information covered.
Draw a comic strip to illustrate this to a novice.
It should cover
The process of moving data e.g. from HDD to RAM to cache
The reason why data is moved e.g. access by CPU
The difference between volatile and non volatile storage
The role of ROM
The amount of storage each type has
Click to play animation

11. RAM
Data for the files you are working on is saved on the RAM until you click the save button. This means you could lose them until you click save (as they are stored in volatile storage)
When the computer is switched on, the boot sequence is loaded from the ROM
Secondary Storage
Primary Storage
Therefore the more RAM you have, the more data it can hold that is related to what you are currently working on. This means the CPU can access this data quicker and therefore the quicker your computer will run.
The ROM is non volatile as the data is not lost when the power is switched off
So why do we not just store data straight away on the HDD and forget about the RAM?
When the OS is loaded, it is loaded into the RAM. This is because we will now be using it.
The application data is then loaded onto the RAM as we will be using it.
As part of the boot sequence, the operating system which is stored on the HDD is loaded
It takes a lot longer for the data to be retrieved and stored on the HDD than the RAM so saving it on the HDD all the time would slow down your computer a lot
If you the user then opens up application software e.g. Word, Web browser etc, this file is also found on the HDD
By having data loaded onto the RAM it makes it much quicker for the CPU to access it. This means that your computer will run quicker
Once you click save the data is stored on the HDD. It will now not be lost when the power is off.

12. What next
So now data is in the RAM this means that we are using it. Therefore this also means that the CPU is going to want to access it.
A computer will only have a small amount of cache but the more it has, the quicker the CPU can process data and the quicker your computer will run
There is another type of memory called cache. This is often built into the CPU.
Data stored on the cache is very quick for the CPU to access. Therefore data that the CPU is going to process is taken from the RAM and put onto the cache
The CPU could get the data from the RAM each time it needs to complete a process but even this would still take too long

13. Amounts of storage
Secondary Storage: e.g. hard drive, USB, SD Card, CD etc will have a large amount of storage for a relatively cheap price. For example a typical computer will now have a build in hard drive of around 1TB. All of this type of storage is non volatile
Primary Storage: You will have less RAM and it can be quite expensive. A typical computer may now have around 8Gb of RAM built in. This type of storage is volatile
Primary Storage: The cache memory is often built into the CPU and only has a small amount of memory. This can be very expensive. This type of storage is volatile

14. Transferring Data
Non Volatile so stores data when power is turned off.
Stores Operating system, application software and all data files. When required by the computer they are found on the HDD and moved to the RAM
The data held here is what is being worked on. When it is going to be needed by the CPU it is moved to the Cache. When it needs to be permanently saved or not used anymore it is moved back to the HDD
When the CPU needs data to process it first looks at the Cache. If it is not there it requests the data from the RAM which may then request it from the HDD. The data on the CPU can be processed quickly.

15. ROM ROM stands for Read Only Memory.
A computer will have a ROM chip that usually stores the data the manufacturer has put on there
This data tells the computer how to boot up when it is switched on
ROM is read only and therefore can not be changed. This means it is also an example of non volatile memory

16. Virtual Memory
Here is a quick animation.
But what does it mean?

17. Virtual memory
What happens if you are working on a lot and don’t have enough room on your RAM!!!!!
No room. Go away!

18. Virtual memory
You can use some of the hard drive as an extension to your RAM and load things back and forward to the RAM when needed.

19. Question
What do you think would be the effect on the performance of the computer of using a lot of virtual memory rather than upgrading your RAM? Explain why.

20. Task
Draw a diagram to explain virtual memory and write a description underneath of
How it works
The benefits
The drawbacks

21. Task
Hi I’m Jonny. I use my computer for school work and searching the internet. Recently I have started to make films for my YouTube channel and playing games online. But my computer seems to run really slowly when I am doing this. Can you give me some advice on what is going on and what I can do about it.
Write a letter to Jonny to answer his questions.

22. Homework Use your books and the internet to make a poster to explain
What Flash memory is and what it is used for
How changes in memory technologies are leading to innovative computer designs