1. Joints

2. Types of joints  Fibrous  Cartilagenous  Synovial  Fibrous  Cartilagenous  Synovial

3. Fibrous  Immoveable  Ex, plates of skull  Immoveable  Ex, plates of skull

4. Cartilageneous  Partially moveable  Connected by cartilage  Ex, joints between vertebrae  Partially moveable  Connected by cartilage  Ex, joints between vertebrae

5. Synovial  Hinge  Joint between 3rd metacarpal and long pastern  Ball and Socket  Joint between femur and ilium  Hinge  Joint between 3rd metacarpal and long pastern  Ball and Socket  Joint between femur and ilium

6. Can you name the bones?

7. Skull

8.  Premaxilla (incisive bone)  Holds alveoli for upper incisor teeth  Maxilla  Holds alveoli for molar and premolar teeth  Mandible (lower jaw)  Holds alveoli for all teeth of lower jaw What we would call the mouth…  Premaxilla (incisive bone)  Holds alveoli for upper incisor teeth  Maxilla  Holds alveoli for molar and premolar teeth  Mandible (lower jaw)  Holds alveoli for all teeth of lower jaw What we would call the mouth… What we would call the mouth…

9. And all the rest…

10. Spine 1.Cervical Vertbrae 2.Thoracic Vertebrae 3.Lumbar Vertebrae 4.Sacrum 5.Caudal/Coccygeal Vertebrae 1.Cervical Vertbrae 2.Thoracic Vertebrae 3.Lumbar Vertebrae 4.Sacrum 5.Caudal/Coccygeal Vertebrae

11. Cervical Vertebrae  Make up the neck of the horse  1st cervical vertebra = Atlas  2nd cervical vertebra = Axis  Make up the neck of the horse  1st cervical vertebra = Atlas  2nd cervical vertebra = Axis

12. Thoracic Vertebrae  18  Characteristically have high spines  3rd and 4th form the withers  18  Characteristically have high spines  3rd and 4th form the withers

13. Lumbar Vertebrae  6  Characteristically long and flat  6  Characteristically long and flat

14. Sacrum Coccyx  Made up of 6 sacral vertebrae fused together  Made up of 15-21 coccygeal vertebrae  Made up of 6 sacral vertebrae fused together  Made up of 15-21 coccygeal vertebrae

15. Ribs & Sternum  18 pairs of ribs  First 8 pairs are connected to the sternum  Sternum ~ breast bone  Made up of 6-8 sternebrae and cartilage  18 pairs of ribs  First 8 pairs are connected to the sternum  Sternum ~ breast bone  Made up of 6-8 sternebrae and cartilage

16. Foreleg

17. Shoulder bone’s connected to the…  Scapula  Humerus  Radius  Ulna (not a functional bone in a horse)  Scapula  Humerus  Radius  Ulna (not a functional bone in a horse)

18. From the wrist distally…  Carpus  Forms what is commonly called the knee joint in a horse  Metacarpus  3rd metacarpal, or cannon bone is the only functional metacarpal  Splint bones- small bones running parallel to the cannon bone on either side ***Splints is a condition when the splint bone sustains a fracture  Carpus  Forms what is commonly called the knee joint in a horse  Metacarpus  3rd metacarpal, or cannon bone is the only functional metacarpal  Splint bones- small bones running parallel to the cannon bone on either side ***Splints is a condition when the splint bone sustains a fracture

19. Fingers???  Technically - phalanges  1st Phalange - Proximal Phalanx - Long Pastern  2nd Phalange - Middle Phalanx - Short Pastern  3rd Phalange - Distal Phalanx - Coffin Bone  Technically - phalanges  1st Phalange - Proximal Phalanx - Long Pastern  2nd Phalange - Middle Phalanx - Short Pastern  3rd Phalange - Distal Phalanx - Coffin Bone

20. More…  Proximal and Distal Sesamoids  Navicular Bone  Proximal and Distal Sesamoids  Navicular Bone

21. Can you name them?

22. Hind Leg

23. Pelvic Girdle  Os Coxae ~ half of the pelvic girdle  3 bones fused together  Ilium  Ischium  Pubis  Os Coxae ~ half of the pelvic girdle  3 bones fused together  Ilium  Ischium  Pubis

24. Hip bone’s connected to the…  Femur  Patella ~ knee cap  Crus = Fibula and Tibia  Fibula isn’t functional; fuses with length of tibia  Femur  Patella ~ knee cap  Crus = Fibula and Tibia  Fibula isn’t functional; fuses with length of tibia

25. How high’s the ankle?  Tarsus ~ Hock Joint (corresponds to human ankle)  Metatarsus  3rd metatarsal (Cannon Bone) = only functional metatarsal  Splint bones  Phalanges  Long (1) & Short (2) Pasterns  Coffin Bone (3)  Sesamoids and Navicular Bone  Tarsus ~ Hock Joint (corresponds to human ankle)  Metatarsus  3rd metatarsal (Cannon Bone) = only functional metatarsal  Splint bones  Phalanges  Long (1) & Short (2) Pasterns  Coffin Bone (3)  Sesamoids and Navicular Bone

26. Now you know the bones… …Can you name all 205 to 210 of them?

27. While you were learning the names of the bones, did you notice any connection between the human skeleton and the equine ?

28. Here are just a few..  We have almost the exact number of bones as horses  Horses’ forelegs are almost identical to our arms in position, the only real difference being the elongation of the bones that make up our wrist, hand and fingers in the horses’ knee, lower leg (cannon), ankle and hoof  We have almost the exact number of bones as horses  Horses’ forelegs are almost identical to our arms in position, the only real difference being the elongation of the bones that make up our wrist, hand and fingers in the horses’ knee, lower leg (cannon), ankle and hoof

29. Connections cont’d…  The same is true for their hindlegs ad our legs: up to the knee, they’re almost the same, only less mobile around the joints in a horse. Our ankle bones, foot bones and toes are elongated to make the cannon and splints, pastern and hooves of a horse

30. Differences  The main differences between a horse’s skeleton and a human’s skeleton come from a horse being a quadraped while humans are bipeds  This changes the angle of the limbs in relation to the spine, the length of the neck, and the shape of the head  Horses’ being prey animals and humans predators also affects the skull; a horse’s orbits are laterally positioned because they are monocular, and their jaw is longer to provide for the powerful molars they use to chew their fibrous diet  The main differences between a horse’s skeleton and a human’s skeleton come from a horse being a quadraped while humans are bipeds  This changes the angle of the limbs in relation to the spine, the length of the neck, and the shape of the head  Horses’ being prey animals and humans predators also affects the skull; a horse’s orbits are laterally positioned because they are monocular, and their jaw is longer to provide for the powerful molars they use to chew their fibrous diet

31. The End