1. What does “red-tape” mean and what could be an example?

2. 2

3.  Objectives Agenda  Identify powers of the President – saying NO  List and describe the offices under the President 1. Slide/notes - Bureaucracy 2. Closure 3. Start HW – Budget Simulations  HW - Budget Simulations Objectives

4.  Greatest source of pres. power lies in politics & public opinion ◦ Expectation of presidential leadership from the public  Popularity & legislative success are positively correlated ◦ Don’t take controversial stance  Popularity is highest right after election, “honeymoon”, then declines. ◦ Midterm change of power in Congress is common.

7.  Appointments – cabinet, courts, agencies  Convene Congress  Make Treaties (& Executive Agreements)  Veto Power- pocket veto (not line-item)  Commander-in-Chief (War Powers Act, 1973)  Pardoning

8. Veto, Executive Privilege, Impoundment & Signing Statement

9.  Veto Message ◦ Presidential message which states why he did not sign the bill ◦ 4% vetos overridden ◦ How does Congress override?  Pocket Veto ◦ Pres. does not sign bill within 10 days of submission ◦ Congress adjourns (NOT recess) – bill dies w/out veto or signing  Line-Item Veto ◦ Ability to pick which parts of bill to keep ◦ Earmarks & riders ◦ 1996, Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional

10.  Pres. is not obligated to divulge private communications of the executive branch to Congress or judiciary ◦ Why would Pres. need this?  US v NIXON – 1973 (Watergate) ◦ “No absolute unqualified Presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process under all circumstances”

11.  Exec. Order that forbids Treasury from transferring $$ into agency’s account.  Often used as a way of making relatively small cuts in Federal spending on programs that Pres. sees as unwise or unnecessary.  Must the President spend what Congress has appropriated? Since 1974: YES! ◦ 1974 Budget Reform Act - spend ALL appropriated funds OR tell Congress what he desires not to spend ◦ Congress must agree within 45 days ◦ Pass a concurrent resolution for immediate release of money

12.  A written declaration that Pres. may make when signing a bill into law.  Usually, point out sections of the law that the Pres. deems unconstitutional.  In your opinion, does it exemplify a strong executive or an unconstitutional executive?

14.  What are three different ways the Pres. can say NO to Congress?  Why would a president use a pocket veto instead of a veto?

16. Organization of Homeland Security Agencies prior to September 11, 2001

17. The Model of Bureaucracy  Bureaucracy is a large complex organization composed of appointed officials.  The five characteristics of bureaucracy: 1.Division of labor 2.Hierarchy 3.Formal rules 4.Maintenance of files & records 5.Professionalization Who is this man? -->

18. Roles of the Bureaucracy 1. Rulemaking ◦ Process of deciding exactly what the laws passed by Congress mean. ◦ This is the fundamental source of power. 2. Adjudication ◦ Process designed to establish whether a rule has been violated. 3. Bureaucratic Lobbying ◦ Identify the problems and limitations of existing laws and programs & recommend changes to the President and congressional committees.  NCLB waivers NCLB waivers

19. A fundamental source of power for the federal bureaucracy lies in its …  Ability to set specific guidelines after receiving a general mandate from Congress  Continuity of service in the executive branch that the President lacks

20.  Specialize in one area - not part of cabinet department  Enforce & administer laws and regulations  Try to keep politics out of regulation & maintain degree of independence  Not outlined in the Constitution  Report directly to Pres.

21. Independent Executive Agencies Independent Regulatory Commissions  Administrative & Policy ◦ Ex: GSA, EPA, PeaceCorps  Business Activity ◦ Ex: AmTrak, USPS, FDIC  Regulate & Police ◦ quasi-legislative or judicial ◦ Protect the public interest ◦ Appointed by the President for fixed terms of office & confirmed by Senate ◦ Ex: FTC, SEC, NLRB

22. In general, independent regulatory commissions are created primarily for the purpose of A. Supporting and helping cabinet level departments B. Proposing policy alternatives during periods of crisis C. Regulating the activities of other bureaucratic agencies to ensure that they act in a fair and objective manner D. Regulating certain industries to protect the public interest E. Increasing the President’s patronage powers

23. The Merit System The Spoils System  Andrew Jackson - “To the victor goes the spoils”  Firing public-office holders of defeated political party & replacing them w/loyalists of newly elected party The Pendleton Act (1883)  Reform measure  Government jobs should be awarded based on merit  Employees can not be forced to support a political organization, or be fired for political beliefs. Competitive Service: government office to which people are appointed on the grounds of merit as ascertained by a written examination or by having met certain selection criteria (such as training, educational attainments, or prior experience)

24.  Congress saw that high level positions in civil service have important policy making responsibilities  Pres. & cabinet should have more flexibility in recruiting, assigning, and paying such people ◦ Created senior level service

25. Controlling the Bureaucracy  Congressional Oversight ◦ Appropriations ◦ Committee hearings ◦ Legislative vetoes (unconstitutional)  The President ◦ Appointments and dismissals ◦ Budget process ◦ Executive Orders  The Judiciary ◦ Judicial review

27. A fundamental source of power for the federal bureaucracy lies in its A.Role in moving legislation out of subcommittees B.Role in mediating interstate conflicts C.Ability to convince Congress to fund most projects it supports D.Ability to mobilize public opinion in support of legislative initiatives E.Ability to set specific guidelines after receiving a general mandate from Congress

28. 1. Regulate 2. Provide Public Goods 3. Promote growth, low unemployment, low inflation 4. Stabilize Business Cycle

29.  Policy agenda: set of issues, problems or subjects that gets the attention of (is viewed as important by) people involved in policy making (government officials/ decision makers).  Role of the News Media ◦ Raise awareness, provide information, demonstrate the importance of consequences of the problem  What do you think is the primary reason the president tends to have an advantage over Congress in gaining media attention?

30.  Interest Groups  Aides and Campaign advisers  Federal Departments and agencies  Various specialists  DC politicians  Party Activists ◦ Sense of purpose  “the public” ◦ Many publics InputAudiences

31.  Which war in U.S. history was the catalyst for growth of the federal bureaucracy?  How did the Great Depression, WWII, and 9/11 affect the federal bureaucracy?  If the federal workforce has remained steady since 1960, where is the growth of government-related jobs found?

32. Fiscal Goal: put more $ in people’s pocket  Manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending. ◦ Mandatory Spending (Entitlements like Social Security) ◦ Discretionary Spending Monetary Goal: use money supply to expand or contract, control investment part of GDP  Manage the economy by controlling the money supply & thus interest rates. ◦ Inflation: 3%

33.  GDP: $16.6 T  Unemployment: 6.7%  Economic Growth: 2.4%  Stock Market ◦ Dow Jones/ Nasdaq  Tax as government revenue  Other Revenue  Deficit: $744 Billion, $1.4 T (2009)  Debt: $17.1T  Exports & Imports  Trade Deficit/ Trade Surplus ◦ - $391 billion