1. Urban Transport Planning

2. Contents
Approach for transport planning (Traditional v/s contemporary planning)
Urban Transport Planning Strategies
Preparing Comprehensive Mobility Plans
Role of Policies in Urban Transport Planning
Concepts of Alternative Analysis
Establish Service Level Benchmarks for cities

3. Urban Transport Planning
Transport planning is an exercise of evolving policies and strategies that give a rational direction to activities towards fulfilling a set of goals and objectives in Transport.
Transportation planning is an integral part of overall urban planning and requires a systematic approach.

4. Urban Transport Challenges
Growing Economy:
Increased Car Ownership
Increased Traffic Volumes
Increased congestion
Road Safety:
Increased speed
Increased conflicts among modes
Increased accidents and fatalities
Energy Consumption
Transport consumes 30% of total energy
Increased demand for fossil fuel
Increased GHG emissions
Urban Sprawl:
More car dependency
Increased trip lengths
High costs for extending infrastructure and services
Climate Change:
Global warming
Higher emission levels
Air and noise pollution
To address the dynamic complexities of urban systems, a multi-disciplinary Planning Process is needed

5. Urban Transport Planning Approaches
Automobile Approach
Traditional Approach
Sustainable Approach
Contemporary Approach
Known as

6. Dwarka, New Delhi – Source: http://im. videosearch. rediff
Traditional Approach
Development of townships far from the city center
Homogenous form. Predominantly residential. No mixed use
Connected to the city center by broad roads, encourages automobile use
Ad-hoc development; no public transport, NMT networks planned
Massive roads, with costly infrastructure such as grade separation -
Requires huge tracts of land needed
Unidirectional traffic congestion: towards city center in the morning and towards the suburbs in the evening
10% - 15% of urban areas are taken up by ROAD infrastructure – a lot of space for cars
Source: Embarq

7. Efficient, Equitable, and Environmentally friendly transport !
Sustainable Approach
Sustainable transport refers to any means of transport with low impact on the environment, and includes walking and cycling, as as well as technology to move people, goods, and information in ways that reduce its impact on the environment, the economy, and society
Efficient, Equitable, and Environmentally friendly transport !

8. Sustainable Urban Transport Planning - GOALS
Access: The City should be designed for people, not cars. It should be at least as convenient to live in a city without a personal motor vehicle as with one
Equity: Highest priority should go to public transport, walking, and non-motorized vehicles
Environment: Prevention of air and noise pollution
Economy: Users of cars and motorcycles should be charged for the full economic, environmental, and social costs of their transportation.
Integrated Planning approach within a comprehensive policy framework.
Public participation and transparency: It is important that the public be consulted in planning process

9. Reducing the need to travel
Sustainable Approach
SUTP – Strategies
Avoid: Avoiding or reducing trips
Shift: Shifting to more environmentally friendly modes
Improve: Improving vehicle and fuel technology of all modes of transport to improve environmental efficiency from each kilometer travelled
AVOID
Reducing the need to travel
SHIFT
Changing mode choice
IMPROVE
Increasing the energy efficiency of vehicles, fuels, and transport operations
Source: GIZ

10. Sustainable Approach Avoid Strategies:
Integrated Land use and Transport
Mixed Use Development – Transit Oriented Development
Information and Communication Technology
Shift Strategies:
Non-Motorized Transport
Public Transport
Transportation Demand Management
Improve Strategies:
Cleaner Fuels and Technologies
Inspection and Maintenance
Intelligent Transportation System
Cycling, Bangalore to Mysore
Public transport, Bangalore India

11. SUTP Summary Avoiding low-density sprawl Encouraging Mixed Land Use
Transit oriented development
Good urban design
Not too much land for roads and parking
Source: EMBARQ

12. … now let us understand the importance of Urban Transport Policy

13. What is a Policy ? Features common to all good policies
A policy is a guiding principle used to set direction
It can be a course of action to guide and influence decisions
It should be used as a guide to decision making under a given set of circumstances within the framework of objectives, goals and strategies to be adopted
Features common to all good policies
State matters of principle
Focused on action, stating what is to be done and by whom
An authoritative statement, made by a person or body with power to do so

14. Policy Options
Supply – Network, Public Transport, NMT, Parking, Environment
Demand – Congestion pricing, Parking pricing
Implementation – Institutional, Financing
Operation – Fare Fixation, Licensing

15. National Urban Transport Policy
Vision
To recognize that people occupy center-stage in our cities and all plans would be for their common benefit and well being
To make our cities the most livable in the world and enable them to become the “engines of economic growth” that power India’s development in the 21st century
To allow our cities to evolve into an urban form that is best suited for the unique geography of their locations and is best placed to support the main social and economic activities that take place in the city.

16. Setting Policies
Definition -What problem is the plan intended to solve?
Projection -How will the situation develop if the problem continues?
Constraints -What are the limits of finance, time, etc. within which planning must take place?
Option -What are the alternatives and their pros and cons?
Formulation -What are the main alternative plans, i.e. packages of available option within the prevailing constraints?
Testing -How would each of the alternative plans work out in practice?
Evaluation -Which plan gives the greatest value (within the constraints) in terms of solving the problems already defined

17. … now let us identify some GAPS in the existing planning process, before we understand how the process ideally should happen…..

18. Gaps in Planning Process
Lack of vision and holistic approach
Weak Coordination between Landuse and Transport
Institutional Challenges
Inadequate Planning Capacity
Data Challenges – Standards, Collection, Repository
Lack of public participation and engagement

19. … now let us understand the process of Urban Transport Planning

20. Transport Planning Process
An urban transport planning is a cycle - logical sequence of tasks starting from ..
Vision /Goals / Objectives
Strategies
Proposals
Alternate Analysis
Institutional Framework
Finance
Vision
Goals & Objectives
Strategies
Alternatives
Proposals /Projects
Institution
Financing

21. Vision Transport Planning Process
The vision statement is a guiding principle to develop strategies
Adheres to the needs of the population
Transport vision of the city should encompass all elements of a sustainable transport system

22. Goals and Objectives Transport Planning Process
The goals and objectives of the planning process provide more granularity to the vision statement
They provide the concepts of
Equity
Safety
Integrated planning
Use of public transport
Promotion of non-motorized modes
Accessibility
Travel demand reduction
Reliability
Clean energy usage
Use of technology

23. Transport Strategies Transport Planning Process
Integrated Land use and transport strategy
TOD
National Urban Habitat Mission
Network Development Strategy
Mobility Corridor Strategy
Public Transport Strategy
Bus augmentation
Higher order MRTs
Intermodal Integration
Non- Motorized Transport Strategy
Cycles/cyclists
Pedestrians
Freight Management Strategy
Parking Strategy
IPT Strategy
Traffic Management
Travel Demand Management Strategy
Planning
Strategies
Network
Development &
Mobility Corridors
Freight
Management
Strategy
Non-Motorized
Transport Strategy
Public Transit
Improvement
Travel Demand
Land Use &
Traffic
Engineering
Measures

24. 1. Integrated Land Use & Transport Strategy
Transport Strategies
1. Integrated Land Use & Transport Strategy
Transport network is dependent on land use.
Integrated land use and transport should promote balanced regional growth
This strategy should focus on
Accessibility
Connectivity
Transit oriented development
Structural form of urban growth
Mixed land use developments to minimize vehicle trips

25. What is Transit Oriented Development ?
Transport Strategies
Integrated Land Use & Transport Strategy
What is Transit Oriented Development ?
A Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a mixed-use residential or commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport and incorporates features to encourage transit ridership
Design for a livable, sustainable future !`````

26. 2. Network Development Strategy (Mobility Corridors)
Transport Strategies
2. Network Development Strategy (Mobility Corridors)
Identify principle corridors where the emphasis will be on moving people i.e. focusing on mass transit corridors with NMT facilities
By identifying certain primary corridors as ‘Mobility Corridors’, these transport corridors get priority for increasing the throughput by having public transit system(s).

27. 3. Non-Motorized Transport Strategy
Transport Strategies
3. Non-Motorized Transport Strategy
NMT strategies are an integral part of public transport strategies
Establish connected walking networks
Adequate walkway and path surfaces
Create bike lanes and bicycle boulevards
Correct roadway hazards to NMT
Use street furniture and pedestrian friendly design features
Integrate cycling with transit.
Provide bicycle parking/rickshaw stands and encourage sharing
Address security concerns of pedestrians and cyclists.
Develop /encourage bike rentals/sharing

28. 4. Freight Management Strategy
Transport Strategies
4. Freight Management Strategy
Unregulated loading and unloading of freight traffic add congestion on the roadways.
Restricted delivery times
Use of small and medium size vehicles with modern emission controls
Develop Freight Terminals/warehouses
Relocation of wholesale markets to the periphery
Construction of bypasses

29. 5. Parking Management Strategy
Transport Strategies
5. Parking Management Strategy
Development of a parking strategy is necessary in order to shape the framework for the future provision, management and maintenance of parking facilities
Development of Parking Strategy is based on an understanding of the parking supply and demand position in City
Parking strategies to be considered for any city include
Restriction of on - street parking
Parking Pricing
Off Street parking facilities

30. 6. Traffic Engineering Measures
Transport Strategies
6. Traffic Engineering Measures
Road Markings
Signages
Intersection Improvements
Traffic Separator/ Channelizer
Traffic Calming Techniques
Delineators
Footpath Repair Works
Signalization of Intersections
One Way Streets
Road Rectification - Patch Repair
Resurfacing/ Strengthening of Road Stretch
Speed Limits
Refer to Traffic Engineering and Management Module for details on traffic engineering measures

31. 7. Demand Management Strategies
Transport Strategies
7. Demand Management Strategies
To increase public transport modal shares, additional demand management interventions need to be implemented
Congestion Pricing - mobility management strategy to reduce traffic congestion.
Demand Management through restricted parking supply or imposing restriction of vehicles
Congestion Pricing
Refer to Traffic Engineering and Management Module for details on travel demand management measures
Parking Control

32. Proposals / Projects Transport Planning Process
A clear implementation strategy for the Plan needs to be in place along with clear phasing of schemes and initiatives.
Projects may be classified as
Long Term Proposals
Medium Term Proposals
Short Term Proposals

33. Projects Long Term Proposals Mass Transit Systems
Metro / LRT / Mono Rail
Suburban Rail
BRT
Intermodal Stations
Truck Terminals & Intercity Bus Terminals
Elevated Roads
Freight Corridors
Missing Roadway Links
Long term proposals have to undergo Alternate Analysis process

34. Medium term Term Proposals
Projects
Medium term Term Proposals
The medium term proposals are those whose effectiveness last up to 10 years
Off-street Parking Facilities
Flyovers
Pedestrian Subways
ROBs / RUBs
Intelligent Transport Systems

35. Short term Term Proposals
Projects
Short term Term Proposals
The short-term proposals include those schemes whose usefulness might last up to a maximum of 5 years
Pedestrian Infrastructure
Bicycle Network and Infrastructure
Pedestrian Zones
Demand Management Strategies
Parking Management
Junction Improvements

36. Alternative Analysis Transport Planning Process
Alternatives analyses, explores the different alternatives
It aids the decision maker, in identifying tangible and intangible costs and benefits.
Well-organized management of overall evaluation results are important in planning outputs
An important aspect of this process is public engagement and participation.

37. Alternative Analysis Definition - AA
AA is about finding best alternative to solve transport and related problems in a corridor or sub area
Is not a feasibility study
Identifies the best solution from various options
Alternative Analysis follows comprehensive planning
Alternate Analysis is done for a corridor or a sub – area
Planning horizon for AA is usually 15 years
AA evaluates a number of feasible solutions for the corridor/sub area and identifies the best solution

38. Process consists of 10 steps
Alternative Analysis
How is AA done?
Process consists of 10 steps
Set Goals and Objectives
Set up Steering Committee
Review Technical issues, Data, Models
Define Scope of Services
Framing the Analysis
Identification of Alternatives (Conceptual)
Final Definition of Alternatives
Public Review Process
Evaluation
Selection of Preferred Alternative
Alternative Analysis - Toolkits and Guidelines; MoUD

39. Institution and Capacity Building
Transport Planning Process
Institution and Capacity Building
Focus on establishing a central nodal authority (UMTA) responsible for all transport initiatives and planning for million plus cities
A capacity building program needs to be in place to enhance the subject knowledge of the personnel involved in planning

40. Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP)
… now let us understand
Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP)

41. Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP)
Long term vision of desirable mobility patterns for a city
Provides strategy and policy measures to achieve the vision
Follows NUTP, which emphasizes NMT measures, PT systems and sustainable systems

42. Role of a CMP Appraisal for Funding (JNNURM)
Comprehensive Mobility Plan
Approval of CMP from MoUD
Alternative Analysis
DPR level 1 (Feasibility Study)
DPR level 2 (Detailed Design)
Implementation
City
Development Plan
Existing Comprehensive
Traffic & Transport Study
Master Plan
Source: CMP Preparation Toolkit - Guidelines and Toolkits for Urban Transport Development in Medium Sized Cities in India – MoUD/ADB

43. What does a CMP do?
Provides vision for future transport in accordance with the NUTP
Defines corridors of movements
Focuses on moving people
Identifies projects that achieve the vision
Establishes Service Level Benchmarks
Identifies phasing and block costs of the project

44. What does a CMP NOT do?
Define the final system configuration of a corridor
Conduct feasibility analysis of projects
Detail cost estimates
Locate Stations and size them
Detail traffic engineering plans, including one-ways, etc.
Include Alternate Analysis
Include DPR

45. Comparison of CMP with other Studies

46. Steps involved in conducting a CMP
Evaluate existing scenario - Collect Data and List problems
Forecast future transport scenario - Develop Transport Demand Model
Set up Vision and Goals - Set up measurable Bench Marks / Targets
Formulate strategies for development -Evaluate strategies
Develop Mobility Plan - Long term schemes
-Medium term schemes
-Short term schemes
Prepare Implementation Plan - Block costs Phasing
Establish Service Level Benchmarks
Recommend an Institutional frame work

47. Service Level Benchmarks
SLB a tool used by public entities to make more informed decisions regarding the performance
Make comparisons internally and with other organizations/entities
Improve performance using the lessons learned through this comparison process.
In all the CMP Studies, SLB is made Mandatory by the Ministry
Service Level Benchmarks
1. Public Transport facilities
2. Pedestrian Infrastructure facilities
3. NMT facilities
4. Level of Usage of ITS facilities
5. Travel speed along major corridors
6. Availability of Parking Spaces
7. Road Safety
8. Pollution levels
9. Integrated Land Use Transport System
10. Financial Sustainability of PT by Bus

48. Service Level Benchmark Indicators to be identified
SLB Indicators - 1
Service Level Benchmark
Indicators to be identified
Public Transport facilities
Presence of Organized Public Transport System in Urban Area
Extent of Supply / Availability of Public Transport
Service Coverage of Public Transport in the city (Bus route network density)
Average waiting time for Public Transport users
Level of Comfort in Public Transport (Crowding)
Percentage Fleet as per Urban Bus Specifications
Pedestrian Infrastructure facilities
Signalized intersection delay (%)
Street Lighting (Lux)
Percentage of City Covered with footpaths (wider than 1.2 mtrs)
Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) facilities
NMT Coverage (% network covered)
Encroachment on NMT roads by Vehicle parking (%)
NMT parking facilities at Interchanges (%)
Level of Usage of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) facilities
Availability of Traffic Surveillance System
Passenger Information System (PIS)
Usage of Global Positioning System
Signal Synchronization
Integrated Ticketing System
Signalized intersection

49. Service level Benchmark Indicators to be identified
SLB Indicators - 2
Service level Benchmark
Indicators to be identified
Travel speed (motorized and mass transit) along major corridors
Average Travel speed of Personal vehicles (Kmph)
Average Travel speed of Public Transport (Kmph)
Availability of Parking spaces
Availability of paid public parking spaces (%)
Difference in Maximum and Minimum Parking Fee in the City
Road Safety
Fatality rate per lakh population
Fatality rate for pedestrian and NMT (%)
Pollution levels
Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m3)
Integrated Land Use Transport System
Population Density - Gross (Persons / Developed Area in hectare)
Mixed Land use on Major Transit Corridors/Network (% non residential area)
Intensity of Development city wide - (Floor Space Index - Master Plan/DP)
Intensity of development along transit corridor
Clear pattern and Complete network
Area under roads (%)
Proportion of network having exclusive ROW for Transit
Financial Sustainability of Public Transport by bus
Extent of Non-fare Revenue (%)
Staff /bus ratio
Operating Ratio

50. Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Tirupati
A Case Study on CMP…..
Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Tirupati
Source: UMTC Study, 2012

51. Primary Data Collection
Sl. No.
Name of the Survey
Quantity 1
Road Network Inventory
Major roads 2
Screen line Volume Count Survey 15 3
Turning Volume count survey 10 4
Bus stop Boarding and alighting survey
24 Bus stops 5
Passenger in and out count / OD survey - Railway station
5 stations 6
Pedestrian Counts – mid blocks
10 locations 7
Pedestrian Counts – junctions
10 Locations 8
Outer Cordon Traffic Counts 9
Speed and Delay Survey
Major corridors
O – D Survey ( Including Goods Vehicles) 11
Bus Occupancy Survey 12
Household Interview Survey
2500 samples 13
IPT Operator survey
10 samples 14
NMT Opinion survey
50 samples
Parking duration survey ( On street ) 16
Parking Duration survey ( Off street) 17
Truck Operator survey

52. Model Development Number of Internal zones-130
Number of External zones – 7
Total zones - 137
Number of Nodes – 752
Number of links – 1077
Total Road length – 1177 Km
Number of city Bus Routes – 14
Number of Share auto routes - 5
Population Projection
2011
2021
2031
1,041,557
1,275,695
1,516,421

53. Targets – Bench Marks Index Formulation Existing Target
Average Speed of Network
Average Running Speed for all vehicles 17 30
Walkabilty
(Footpath Length in Km /Road length in Km)x100
22%
100%
Cyclability
(Cycle track Length in Km/Road length in Km)x100 0%
50%
Fatality (2010)
No of fatalities/lakh population 7
IPT Index
No of registered IPT vehicles / lakh population
760
500
Modal Share of PT Motorized
Public Transport Trips/Total Study Area Trips
27%
Modal Share of NMT
NMT Trips/Total Trips
32%
Accessibility
(Work trips with Travel Time less than 15 min/ Total Trips)
16% 40

54. NMT Proposals
Elevated walk way from APSRTC Bus stand to Railway station
From Railway station to Govindaraja Swamy Temple
Walk ways on - Tiruchanur Road / Alipiri bypass Road / Chandragiri Road / Kapila Theertham Road
Cycle tracks with effective width of 2m on all major roads
Foot paths on major roads

55. PT Proposals Hop On – Hop Off Bus service connecting all Temples
Commuter Rail – Guntur and Chittoor
Mono Rail connecting Tirumala and Tirupati
BRT – Chandra Giri & Srikalahasthi

56. Way Forward
An integrated holistic approach to transport planning is required that
Reduces the number of vehicles on the road
Enhances public transport system
Ensures effective traffic management measures to maximize throughput of people and not vehicles
Adopts clean fuel technology in reducing air pollution
Need for a Comprehensive Urban Transport Act to address all the current issues, priorities and all modes
The Act must be consistent and aligned to NUTP principles
Need for a standardized Data Management Center
Institutional reforms and Capacity Building initiatives are needed
Identify certain new policies and bring in Policy Reforms in Transportation

57. Thank You!