1. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results www.eu-portal.net TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

2. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE DEFINITION Transport Planning and Land-use relates to two main aspects the general spatial and land-use patterns that have an impact on transport volumes and the spatial/land-use requirements of transport infrastructure.

3. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE OBJECTIVES To understand the interrelation of land-use and transportation needs. To realise the transport planning problems within urban and suburban areas. To be informed about latest trends, policies and practices in this field, forming a valuable background for their future work. To develop and exercise critical skills that will help in evaluation, assessment and (later on) the design of transportation plans in urban and suburban regions.

4. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE OBJECTIVES - EXAMPLES Assessment of French administrative procedure to ensure the consistency of road projects with urban land-use plans The spatial effects of the Oresund bridge between Copenhagen and Malmo Assessment of a new legal provision in Italy aimed at fostering concertation between local bodies in transport and land-use policies Assessment of the Delta Plan programme in Barcelona, which groups a set of land-use and transport projects

5. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE CHALLENGES To provide solutions in order to Minimize traffic congestion Make transportation in urban and suburban areas more efficient, safer and environmentally friendlier Improve the working and living conditions within the cities Enhance economic growth

6. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE CHALLENGES REFRAMING OF TRANSPORT PLANNING Professional structures: from transport engineers to transport planners Transport Policy: from road schemes to integrated packages Modeling: from gravity models to accessibility indices Developer contributions: from developer contributions of highways to public transport improvements and Technology: from structural to managerial technologies

7. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES – FROM THE OLD TO THE NEW LOGIC Professional structures: structural engineers and planners will work together with other actors to develop integrated packages Transport Policy: instead from road building initiatives, re- allocation of resources towards more demand oriented approaches Modeling: transport models for areas of low accessibility using Public Transport instead of road building Developer contributions: instead of improving road capacity, create and improve Public Transport Technology: investment of smaller traffic calming schemes and information and road pricing schemes to find ways of managing demand

8. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE NEW LOGIC Commitment to significantly improved public transport Introduction of traffic calming and pedestrianisation measures Advanced information technology based systems to get the most out of the existing infrastructure Road pricing Reduction in the building of new roads

9. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE COMPARISON OF THE OLD AND NEW LOGIC Old LogicFeatureNew Logic expandnetworksManage and integrate Predict and provideforecastsPredict and manage Hard – supply orientedtechnologySoft – demand oriented EngineersProfessional cultureManagers open Hermetic and sectoralPolicy makingDiscourse and Integration Reduce travel timetimeNiche, certainty HomogenousspaceCustomised Site specific externalityenviromentGlobal emissions Dis-engagedusersRe-engaged Macro extrapolationmodellingMicro level responsive Standadised, staticKnowledge and informationTailored dynamic Source: Guy and Marvin, 1996

10. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE RELEVANT EU POLICIES The Land Use and Transport Research (LUTR) cluster The Common Transport Policy The Urban Audit (1997) Towards a Local Sustainability Profile – European Common Indicators

11. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE LAND USE AND TRANSPORT INTERACTION The “Land-use transport feedback cycle” Theoretical approach Empirical approach Policies for better integration Policy objectives and policy effects

12. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE THEORETICAL APPROACH Technical theories (urban mobility systems) Economic theories (cities as markets) Social theories (society and urban space)

13. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE THEORETICAL AND TECHNICAL APPROACH Impacts of land-use policies to transport Essential factors Residential density Employment density Neighbourhood design Location city size Impacts on Trip length Trip frequency Mode choice

14. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACH Impacts of transport policies to land-use in terms of accessibility Impacts on Residential location Industrial location Office location Retail location

15. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACH Impacts of transport policies to transport Essential factors accessibility Travel cost Travel time Impacts on Trip length Trip frequency Mode choice

16. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE POLICIES FOR BETTER INTEGRATION OF LAND USE AND TRANSPORT Policy objectives and policy effects Type of policies Investment and services Planning Regulation Pricing Information and informal services Policies for land-use and transport are analysed according to the type of policies

17. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE INSTRUMENTS OF TRANSPORT POLICY (Transland, del 2b) Definition there are means by which the policy objectives can be achieved and the problems identified overcome. Measures Land use measures Infrastructure measures Management measures Information provision Pricing measures

18. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE LAND USE - TRANSPORT MODELS Mathematical models simulate human decision making and its consequences They are able to forecast unknown situations and to determine the effect of a single factor Land use transport models incorporate the most essential processes of spatial development including Transport may be modeled either endogenously or by an exogenous transport model.

19. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EVOLUTION OF URBAN LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS Source:Transland, Figure 2.2. Evolution of urban land-use transport models (adapted from1 Miller, E.J., Kriger, D.S., Hunt, J.D., Badoe, D.A. (1998): Integrated Urban Models for Simulation of Transit and Land-Use Policies. Final Report, TCRP Project H-12. Toronto: Joint Program of Transportation, University of Toronto)

20. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE URBAN SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS Environmental Air pollution Consumption of natural resources Environmental quality Social Health Equity Opportunities Economic Total net benefit from transport Total net benefit from land-use Regional economy and competitiveness

21. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES TRANSLAND PROJECT STRASBOURG Aim: modal share of 25% two-wheels & others 25% public transport 50% private vehicles.

22. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES STRASBOURG TRANSLAND PROJECT Strategies: The City of Strasbourg implemented a set of policies calling for: Hypercentre traffic ban; Pedestrian area extension Cycle-ways extension; Public transport re-organisation, and Parking policy modification Accompanied by a strong political support, formation of a technical pilot committee Consulation of Citizens

23. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES STRASBOURG TRANSLAND PROJECT Results: The use of public transport has increased with negativ repercussions on walking and cycling The car modal share has raised (slightly in the downtown area, significantly in the urban area as a whole); The tran share raised at 40% in the downtown area The tram service has brought about the renovation of the facade of 29% of the buildings located alongside the routes;  The policy has been successful downtown, while the urban area as a whole has not benefit from it as it has experienced an increase of private modal share.  A general lack of coordination has been reported. Furthermore, uncontrolled and car-driven urban sprawls still exist

24. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES Park & ride facilities have been developed; Private dweilling rents raised at a faster rate in fringe areas well served by public transportation than in central areas; Downtown traffic has shown 17% reduction as compared to 2-3% reduction over the past years. I the whole urban area motorway traffic has increased The policy has been successful downtown, while the urban area as a whole has not benefit from it as it has experienced an increase of private modal share; A general lack of coordination has been reported. Futhermore, uncontrolled and car-driven urban sprawls still exist. STRASBOURG TRANSLAND PROJECT

25. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES Achieve an overall Regional Plan Improve conditions in the four metroplitan sectors setting medium term (10 – 15 years) planning goals MADRID TRANSLAND PROJECT

26. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES Implementation of collaborative model for all convenios of the Madrid Region by the local territorial agency Involve governmental agencies (agency of public works and transportation) Involve neighbourhood organisations as instrucmental partners. MADRID TRANSLAND PROJECT

27. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES MADRID TRANSLAND PROJECT Results: Eased institutional consentration Promoted intence public participation Developed social cohesion Provided adequate housing Located residents in the original land Developed an urban centrality using criteria of urban quality Improved the quality of lodging, education health, culture and leasure Improved accessibility

28. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES – LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS MEPLAN SPARTACUS project (USE-IT model, MEPLUS, RASTER module) LASER (application of MEPLAN for London and the South East Region, England) MEMOTO (application of MEPLAN in Kanto Region, Tokyo, Japan) MENTOR EUNET/RASTER-NET TRANUS IRPUD

29. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES - MEPLAN MEPLAN is based on representation of markets in land (space); transport and economy used in the SPARTACUS project for test cities together with - the Raster methodology (to assess urban sustainability indicators), the USE-IT model (a Microsoft Visual Basic application) and MEPLUS (a GIS-based policy analysis tool) Land UseTransport Land Uses (activities) Travel, freight Land, floorspace Transport- systems Demand for transport Accessibilities The MEPLAN model framework

30. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES – LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS MENTOR is a land-use planning software than can be linked with existing transport/traffic models such as SATURN, TRIPS, EMME2 or CONTRAM. RASTER-NET is a GIS developed for EUNET, EUFRANET and SCENE EC

31. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE EXAMPLES – LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS MEPLAN and TRANUS are multiregional input-output models capable of modeling intermodality and having a freight transport model. TRANUS is an integrated land-use and transport model. It can simulate the probable effects of applying particular land-use and transport policies and projects and evaluate these effects from social, economic, financial and energy points of view. IRPUD is a simulation model of intra-regional location and mobility decisions in a metropolitan area. It consists of 6 interlinked submodels: transport; ageing; public programmes; private construction; labour market and housing market.

32. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE CONCLUSIONS (Transland) Land-use and transport policies are only successful with respect to criteria essential for sustainable urban transport if they make car travel less attractive Land-use policies to increase urban density or mixed land-use without accompanying measures to make car travel more expensive or slower have only little effect. Large spatially not integrated retail and leisure facilities increase the distance travelled by car and the share of car travel. Fears that land-use and transport policies designed to constrain the use of cars in city centres are detrimental to the economic viability of city centres have in no case been confirmed by reality.

33. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE CONCLUSIONS 'Best practices' are 'good practices' when they have worked successfully in a wide range of situations and have been shown to produce results satisfying integration and sustainability objectives. sustainability is mainly seen as the promotion of environmentally friendly modes, and their accessibility for different social groups, while reducing dependence on the private car.

34. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE QUESTIONS How can we promote a balanced sustainable regional structure Which are the most efficient policy measures to obtain it? What does extensive growth of Athens Metropolitan area mean? What does maximal use of land resources in Athens mean in other cities and municipalities? What kind of impacts would the new tram line in Athens have in the greater metropolitan area? How do the regional settlement patterns change due to faster or slower growth of Gross National Product (GNP)?

35. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE OVERVIEW OF POLICY EFFECTS Policy area Policy typePolicy effectsPrimary objective Land - use Investiment and services Reduction of travel distances Reduction of land - consumption Reduce the need for travel PlanningReduction of travel distances Reduction of land – consumption Efficient use of infrastructure RegulationsReduction of land – consumption PrincingReduction of land – consumption Change in settlement behaviour InformationReduction of land – consumption Change in settlement behaviour source: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b

36. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE OVERVIEW OF POLICY EFFECTS Policy areaPolicy typePolicy effectsPrimary objective Transport Investiment and services Change in modal split Efficient use of infrastructure Make the remaining traffic sustainable PlanningChange in modal split Efficient use of infrastructure RegulationsChange in modal split Change in travel behaviour Change in settlement behaviour PrincingChange in modal split Change in travel behaviour Change in settlement behaviour InformationChange in modal split Change in travel behaviour Efficient use of infrastructure source: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b

37. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE OVERVIEW OF POLICY OBJECTIVES Policy areaPolicy typePolicy effectsPrimary objective Land - useInvestiment and services Dense, mixed-use structures Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure Reduce the need for travel PlanningDense, mixed-use structures Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure RegulationsDense, mixed-use structures Accessibility by public transport PrincingRestriciting pricing – Dense, mixed-use structures Subsidies: Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure InformationDense, mixed-use structures Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure source: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b

38. TRANSPORT AND LAND USE OVERVIEW OF POLICY OBJECTIVES Policy area Policy typePolicy effectsPrimary objective TransportInvestiment and services Co-ordination of transport modes Extension and densification of (public) transport network Reduce the need for travel PlanningCo-ordination of transport modes Extension and densification of (public) transport network Co-ordination of transport network with urban development RegulationsRestriction in car use Restriction in parking PrincingRestriciting Pricing :Restriction in car use; Restriction in parking Subsidies: Co-ordination of transport modes; Extension and densification of (public) transport network; Co- ordination of transport network with urban development InformationRestriction in car use source: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b