1. Topic: Earthquakes

2. Sub-project 1: Earthquake Risk International experience, including tragic lessons from recent large earthquakes, shows that the growth of earthquake prone communities, following the global processes of development and urbanization, commonly gives rise to seismic risk unless proper countermeasures are taken to prepare for future earthquakes and manage the risk. This is true as well for the countries of low and moderate seismicity taking into account that the risk value depends not only on the hazard level, but also on the aggregate elements at risk and their vulnerability to probable seismic influence. Thus, the proper approach to the problem of risk assessment and risk management should include consideration of all the contributing factors: Hazard: Living in seismic prone areas means that seismic risk is unavoidable. It is impossible to manage the risk through prevention of future earthquakes. But improvement of seismic hazard assessment and providing reliable seismological and engineering-seismological information for planning and design purposes is an important factor contributing to efficiency of risk management programs. Exposure (elements at risk): When earthquakes occur in uninhabited areas they are not considered as disasters. Sometimes civilization and urbanization make human beings more vulnerable to the natural phenomena. It happens, in particular, when there is high concentration of population and complicated infrastructure in earthquake prone zones. So, the processes of land use and urban planning as well as development of new technologies should take into account the existing seismic threat. Vulnerability: The bitter engineering truth is that earthquakes do not kill people, vulnerable buildings do. Though future earthquakes cannot be avoided, the community can improve seismic performance of buildings and lifelines, reconstruct or retrofit old structures and build new earthquake-resistant constructions, in particular, for residential and critical buildings. Awareness: Lack of awareness (as a psychological component of vulnerability) contributes to seismic risk considerably. It concerns people from every sector of the community, all members of which are to realize how to prepare for possible disasters, how to behave if an earthquake strikes and what to do after.

3. Earthquake ----

4. Fault -

6. 3 Major Types of Faults NormalReverse

7. One Famous Fault in the USA  The San Andreas Fault in California

8. Focus ----

9. Epicenter ----

10. Seismic Waves (earthquake waves) - Three TypesThree Types -

11. 1) P-waves (Primary waves) ---- ---- ----

12. 2) S-waves (Secondary waves) ---- ----  ** - **

13. 3) L-waves (Long or Surface Waves) ---- ---- ----

15. Seismograph ----

17. *-

19. Waves refract (bend) in different densities

20. Shadow Zone

21. Earthquake Magnitude

22.  Richter Scale (Magnitude) -

23. Mercalli Scale – -

24. Time to Review

25. What type of wave?

27. What is this point called? Earth’s surface -

28. What is this point called? Earth’s surface Focus -

29. Final Question  Which seismic wave type travels the slowest?