1. CHAPTER 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
“You are what you eat!”

2. Standards
Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules
Objectives

3. Shoulder Partners

4. Flip Books Take out your flip books for notes Turn to last page – it should be open for notes about definitions and reactions

5. Building Macromolecules Take out the pieces of macromolecules that you colored and cut out last class period You also need one sheet of construction paper

6. What is a MACROmolecule?
A Large molecule with a complex structure
A polymer built from monomers
Macromolecule
“little” molecule

7. Poly - mer
Many
Parts
A long molecule made of monomers bonded together

8. Mono - mer
One
Part
The “building blocks” of polymers
A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.

9. Three of life’s organic macromolecules are polymers
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids

10. EXAMPLES
What do all these pictures have in common? They are large, complex structures that were all built by small “monomers” or building blocks called Legos.

11. Explain to your partner how these Lego structures are like Polymers
Think – Pair – Share
Explain to your partner how these Lego structures are like Polymers
What do all these pictures have in common? They are large, complex structures that were all built by small “monomers” or building blocks called Legos.

12. condensation reactions called dehydration synthesis (removal of water)
How are Polymers made?
How do monomers bind to form polymers?
condensation reactions called dehydration synthesis (removal of water)

13. How do polymers break down?
Hydrolysis reaction
Hydro – lysis
Water is added to break the bonds that hold the polymer together.
Water
To Break

14. Hydrolysis

15. Think – Pair – Share
Why would polymers need to be “broken down”?

16. Classes of Organic Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

17. CARBOHYDRATES

18. Carbo - hydrate Monomer Monosaccharide
Carbon
Water
Monomer
Monosaccharide
(“mono” = one; “saccharide” = sugar)
Polymers
Disaccharides (di = two)
Polysaccharides (poly = many)

19. Think – Pair – Share
What are some functions of carbohydrates?

20. Functions of Carbohydrates in living things:
Major fuel/energy source
Energy storage
Can be used as raw materials for other Macromolecules
Structural/building material in plants

21. Structure of Monosaccharides
Contain only C, H, O
All have the molecular formula - (CH2O)n

22. In aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form rings:

23. Structure of Disaccharides
Consists of two monosaccharides
The monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic linkage (bond)

24. Polar Bears
What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage (bond) between the monosaccharides to become a disaccharide?
Dehydration synthesis

26. 2 Build a Carbohydrate Assemble a disaccharide sugar.
The building block/monomers of carbohydrates are ____________.
Place ________of these into a chain
Use the triangle water to point to the bond site. Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or released during this reaction.
Label as a dissaccharide
simple sugars 2

27. Build a Carbohydrate
H2O

28. Polysaccharides
Structure: Polymers of a few hundred or a few thousand monosaccharides.
Functions:
energy storage molecules
structural support

29. Examples of Carbs:

30. Starch - plant storage form for energy
easily broken down into glucose units

31. Cellulose - fiber-like structural material made of glucose monomers
used in plant cell walls

32. Why is Cellulose so strong?
Glucose monomers are flipped to expose equal Hydroxyl groups on either side of the chain
When Cellulose chains are lined up next to each other, they Hydrogen Bond making a strong material that’s difficult to break!

34. Glycogen is the animal short-term storage form of energy
Glucose monomers

35. Penguins
What reaction breaks the glycosidic linkage (bond) between the glucose molecules in glycogen so the monomers can be used for fuel?
Hydrolysis

36. Chitin is a polysaccharide used as a structural material in arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell walls.

37. Build a Carbohydrate
Assemble the remaining carbohydrate monomers into a polysaccharide sugar.
Place the remaining carbohydrate monomers into a chain.
Use the triangle water to point to the bond site. Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or released during this reaction.

38. Standards
Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules
Objectives

39. PROTEINS

40. Proteins Monomer amino acids connected by peptide bonds
Have a 3 dimensional globular shape

41. Amino Acids
Molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
Differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups

42. 20 different amino acids
The sequence of amino acids determine the shape of the protein

43. Our body can only synthesize 12 of the 20 amino acids.
Did you know?
Our body can only synthesize 12 of the 20 amino acids.

44. Think – Pair – Share
Where do we get the other 8 amino acids?

45. Polymers = polypeptides
Peptide bonds connect amino acids to form polypeptide chains

46. Examples of Protein Functions
Immune System
Antibodies (proteins) bind to foreign substances
Transport
Membrane transport proteins - move substances across cell membranes
Hemoglobin carries oxygen, iron, and other substances through the body.
Muscle Contractions
Signaling - Hormones such as insulin regulate sugar levels in blood.

48. Proteins are very complex
Proteins are very complex! Their specific structure determines their function.
HEMOGLOBIN: Transport of gases and iron in blood
ACTIN: Filament involved in muscle contraction

49. Four Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure
Is the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
Figure 5.20 –
Amino acid subunits
+H3N Amino end o
Carboxyl end c
Gly
Pro
Thr
Glu
Seu
Lys
Cys
Leu
Met
Val
Asp
Ala
Arg
Ser
lle
Phe
His
Asn
Tyr
Trp
Lle

50. Is the folding of the polypeptide one time
Secondary structure
Is the folding of the polypeptide one time
Forms an a helix or a b pleated sheet O C
α helix
β pleated sheet
Amino acid subunits N H R

51. Is the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide
Tertiary structure
Is the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide
CH2 CH
O H O C HO
NH3+ -O S
CH3
H3C
Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions
Polypeptide backbone
Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
Disulfide bridge

52. Quaternary structure
Is the overall protein structure that results from the combination of two or more polypeptide subunits

53. Polar Bears
Explain the four levels of protein structure to your penguin

54. Sickle Cell Disease

55. Sickle Cell Disease: A simple change in Primary Structure

56. Enzymes
proteins that act as a catalyst

57. Penguins
List at least 2 factors that effect protein structure

58. Environmental Factors That Effect Protein ShapepH
Temperature
Salinity
Denatured protein is biologically inactive
Can sometimes “renature” if primary structure is unchanged.

59. Assemble a 4-monomer polypeptide.
Build a Protein
Assemble a 4-monomer polypeptide.
The building block/monomers of proteins are ____________.
Place 4 of these into a chain
Use the triangle water to point to the bond site. Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or released during this reaction.
Label as a 4-monomer polypeptide
Amino Acids

60. ? Build a Protein Assemble the remaining monomers into a polypeptide.
Use the triangle water to point to the bond site. Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or released during this reaction.
Label as a ___-monomer polypeptide ?

61. Standards
Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules
Objectives

62. LIPIDS What are Lipids? Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments
Hydrophobic (“hydro”=water; “phobic” = fearing)
Consist mostly of hydrocarbons
Do NOT consist of polymers

63. Monomers
The building blocks of all lipids are called
Fatty Acids

64. Functions of Lipids in living things:
Energy storage
Cell membrane structure
Protecting against desiccation (drying out).
Insulating against cold.
Absorbing shocks.
Regulating cell activities by hormone actions.

65. Structure of Common Fats - Triglycerides
Consist of a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids
Glycerol – an alcohol with three carbons
Fatty Acid - Long Hydrocarbon chains with a Carboxyl group at one end.

67. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
(b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acid
cis double bond
causes bending
Oleic acid
Unsaturated fats :
one or more double bonds between carbons in the fatty acids allows for “kinks” in the tails
liquid at room temp
most plant fats
Saturated fats:
No double bonds in fatty acid tails
solid at room temp
most animal fats
(a) Saturated fat and fatty acid
Stearic acid

69. Saturated fatty acid

70. Unsaturated fatty acid

71. Assemble a triglyceride.
Build a Lipid
Assemble a triglyceride.
The building block/monomers of lipids are ____________.
Use your notes to assemble w/ correct structure/components
Use the triangle water to point to the bond site. Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or released during this reaction.
Label as a triglyceride
Fatty Acids

72. Phospholipids
Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group.
Function: Main structural component of membranes, where they arrange in bilayers.

73. Phospholipids in Water

74. Draw a Phospholipid
Next to your triglyceride, draw a phospholipid
Label the parts/components
Label the drawing as a phospholipid

75. Waxes
Function:
Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and as animal coverings.

76. Steroids Structure: Four carbon rings with no fatty acid tails
Functions:
Component of animal cell membranes (Ex: Cholesterol)
Modified to form sex hormones

77. Standards
Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules
Objectives

78. NUCLEIC ACIDS

79. Nucleic Acid Monomers = Nucleotides
Nucleotide = 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA

80. Two Types of Nucleic Acids Polymers
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
double stranded
can self replicate
makes up genes which code for proteins is passed from one generation to another
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
single stranded
functions in actual synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA
is made from the DNA template molecule

81. Function of Nucleic Acids : The stuff of Genes
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
Genes
Are the units of inheritance
Code for the sequence of amino acids(making polypeptides)
Made of nucleic acids

82. Both polymers function together for protein synthesis

83. Building the Polymer
Phosphate group of one nucleotide forms strong covalent bond with the #3 carbon of the sugar of the other nucleotide.

84. DNA:
Double helix
2 polynucleotide chains wound into the double helix
Base pairing between chains with H bonds
A - T
C - G

85. The building block/monomers of lipids are ____________.
Building DNA
The building block/monomers of lipids are ____________.
Build 2 nucleotides
Use your notes to assemble w/ correct structure/components
Link the 2 nucleotides together
The phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to the pentose sugar of the next
Label as DNA
nucleotides

86. Building DNA
Use your notes to assemble w/ correct structure/components
Use the triangle water to point to the bond site. Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or released during this reaction.
Label as a triglyceride

87. Summary of the Organic Molecules: