1. Review of “Classification”
Chapter 17
Review of “Classification”

2. Classification
Grouping things according to similar characteristics, and separating them from others by differing characteristics
The science of classifying living things is taxonomy

3. Used to classify organisms:
Cells and their organelles
Growth and development
Blood chemistry
DNA
Energetics
Body structures/organs

4. Early Systems of Classification
Aristotle – for animals 2000 years ago
Theophrastus – for plants 2000 years ago
Linnaeus (Karl von Linne) – all organisms in the 1700’s
Linnaeus is known as the “father of modern taxonomy”

5. Aristotle

6. Theophrastus

7. What is the common theme that you observe between the systems of teacher and student?

8. Pairs of choices – either this or that……
Pairs of choices – either this or that……..each step has just two choices!

9. Linnaeus continued that in his development of a “dichotomous key” How to use the dichotomous key

10. Variations have been developed over time!

11. Classification Levels
All organisms are placed in one of 5 kingdoms
Kingdoms are divided into several phyla (phylum) or divisions
Phyla are subdivided into classes
Classes are divided into several orders
Order contain several families
Each family has several genera (genus)
Each genus is made up of related species

12. (Division)

13. Species sometimes have “varieties”
The definition of a species is groups that can breed to form fertile offspring

14. Human Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species sapiens

15. Binomial Nomenclature
Each organism has a two-part Latin name in Linnaeus’ system
Capitalized Genus
Lower case species
Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum, Pseudotsuga heterophylla, Bacillus cereus, Canis familiaris, Felis domesticus, Equus asinus
Discoverer gets to name it !

16. Kingdoms of Living Things
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Whittaker in 1969
Nucleus or not
Uni/multicellular
How they obtain food

17. Monera Simple, unicellular, prokaryotic Bacteria Now Archeabacteria
Eubacteria

18. Protista Simple, unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotic
Amoeba, euglena, paramecia

19. Fungi Uni- or multicellular, plant-like Eukaryotic Feed on dead matter
Mushrooms, mold and yeast

20. Plantae
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Photosynthetic
Flowers, shrubs, trees

21. Animalia
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Eat other organisms
Man, fish, bird

22. How are organisms named?
From Latin and Greek
Planta from Latin for “plant”
Moneres from Greek for “single”
Genus is Latin for “type”
Latin prefixes and suffixes to further describe the basic root words

23. What does archeaphyte mean? Arthropod? Rhodophyta? Ciliderm? Eubacteria?
Archea = ancient
Arthr = joint
Chlor = green
Cili = small hair
Con = cone
Derm = skin
Eu = true
Myc = fungus
Oo = water
Platy = flat
Por = pore
Pod = foot
Phyt = plant
Rhod = red

24. What about viruses?
Non-living particle (consider characteristics of “life”)
Bacteriophage

25. Lytic Cycle

27. Classified? Not in organic classification system
Formerly classified by host
New system by shape and structure
Capsid structure
Nucleic acid type
Method of reproduction