1. The Origin and Classification of Life Classification and Evolution of Organisms

2. Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of naming organisms and grouping them into categories. Derived from the Greek word taxis, which means arrangement.

3. Binomial System of Nomenclature The binomial system of nomenclature was developed by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. The system uses only two latin names – the genus and the specific epithet for each species of organism.

4. Carolus Linnaeus

5. Binomial System of Nomenclature A species is a population of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. A genus is a group of closely related organisms.

6. Hierarchy of Classification

7. Domains A Domain is the largest category of organisms. There are three main domains: Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya. The Eubacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic and the Eucarya are eukaryotic.

8. Domains of Life

9. Kingdom A kingdom is a subdivision of a domain. There are several kingdoms within the Eubacteria and Archaea based primarily on differences in the metabolism and genetic composition of the organisms.

10. Kingdom There are four kingdoms within the Domain Eucarya. – Plantae – Animalia – Fungi – Protista (protozoa and algae)

11. Kingdoms

12. Phylum A phylum is a subdivision of a kingdom. Organisms are based into phyla based upon careful investigation of their structure, metabolism, and biochemistry.

13. Phylum An attempt is made to classify natural groups rather than imposing artificial subdivisions. Only flowering plants produce flowers and have seeds; conifers lack flowers but have seeds in cones; ferns lack flowers, cones, and seeds; and mosses lack tissues for transporting water.

14. Class A class is a subdivision within a phylum. Within the phylum Chordata within the the kingdom Animalia, there are seven classes: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and three classes of fish.

15. Order An Order is a category within a class. The order Carnivora is an order of meat-eating animals within the class Mammalia.

16. Family A Family is a subdivision of an order that consists of a group of closely related genera, which in turn are composed of closely related species.

17. Family The cat family, Felidae, is a subgroup of the order Carnivora; it includes many species in several genera, including the Canada lynx and bobcat (genus Lynx); the cougar; the leopard, tiger, jaguar, and lion (genus Panthera); the house cat (genus Felis); and several other genera.

18. All Life On Earth

19. Kingdom: Animalia

20. Phylum: Chordata

21. Class: Mammalia

22. Order: Rodentia

23. Family: Sciuridae

24. Genus: Sciurus

25. Species: Vulgaris

26. Classification of Humans Taxonomic Category Human Classification CharacteristicsOther Representatives DomainEucaryaCells containing a nucleus and other organelles Plants, animal, fungi, protozoa, algae KingdomAnimaliaEukaryotic heterotrophs, usually motile, specialized tissues Sponges, jellyfish, worms, clams, insects, snakes, ctas PhylumChordataStiffening rod down back Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

27. Classification of Humans Taxonomic Category Human Classification CharacteristicsOther Representatives ClassMammaliaHair and mammary glands Kangaroos, mice, whales, skunks, monkeys OrderPrimatesRelatively large brain and opposable thumb Monkeys, gorillas, chimpanzees, baboons FamilyHominidaePrimates that lack a tail and have an upright posture Humans and extinct relatives (australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo)

28. Classification of Humans Taxonomic Category Human Classification CharacteristicsOther Representatives GenusHomoHominids with large brains Humans are the only surviving member of the genus (past members: homo erectus, homo neanderthalensis) SpeciesHomo SapiensHumans

29. Phylogeny Phylogeny is the science that explores the evolutionary relationships among organisms, seeking to reconstruct evolutionary history. Taxonomists and phylogenists work together, so that the products of their work are compatible.

30. Evidence Used to Establish Phylogenetic Relationships Several lines of evidence are used to develop evolutionary histories: fossils, comparative anatomy, life cycle information, and biochemical and molecular evidence.