1. Speciation and Classification
Where do all these different organisms come from and how are they described?

2. Speciation Change in allele frequencies in a population
Occurs due to one of these:
Natural Selection
Sexual Selection
Drift in Small Population
Mutation

3. Natural Selection
Individuals with undesirable traits are killed and produce fewer offspring
Individuals with desirable traits survive and produce more offspring

4. Bacterial Resistance
Peppered Moth

5. Give an example for Natural Selection:
Natural Selection – When dumb people eat Hot Cheetos, they destroy their bodies and are more likely to die.

6. Sexual Selection
Some individuals produce more offspring (greater opportunity to mate) so the frequency of those genes increases
Traits may indicate healthy individuals
Traits may not serve any purpose at all

7. Great Frigatebird
Bower Bird
Australian Fur Seal
Blondes

8. College Grad vs. Drop-Out
In general, the more education humans have, the fewer offspring they tend to have…
Which has greater fitness for natural selection?
Which has greater fitness for sexual selection?

9. Give an example for Sexual Selection:
Sexual Selection – Finches think that blue leg bracelets are sexy, but not red ones.

10. Drift in Small Breeding Populations
Founder Effect
Alleles from a small “founding” population are amplified through interbreeding
Genetic Drift
The allele frequencies in a small isolated population slowly become different from the others
Specializing (filling a niche)
Variation of individuals allows them to use the ecosystem differently
Over time, breeding groups separate and traits become amplified

11. Galapagos Finches (Specializing) Aquatic Iguana (Genetic Drift)

12. Polydactyl Humans (Founder)

13. Mutation New genes are introduced into a population
May be harmful, neutral or beneficial (rare)

14. Sickle Cell (harmful – carry oxygen less well)
Albinism (neutral – marginally higher chance of sun damage)
Sickle Cell (beneficial – unaffected by malaria)

15. Give an example for Drift or Mutation:
Drift – Squirrels on the top of Mt. Graham that could only breed with other squirrels on the mountain top ended up with more genes with red fur.
Mutation – Eating Hot Cheetos when pregnant causes the baby to develop weird birth defects.

17. Classification The way humans categorize organisms
As we learn more we try to modify our classification to match genetic similarity

18. Try to make your categories genetically similar.
Cut out eight organisms.
Lump them into three categories.
Glue the pictures down and label each category.
does not have eyes
can’t fly
not good for snuggling
Try to make your categories genetically similar.

19. Hierarchical Classification
Kingdom
Phylum or Division (for Plantae)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
More Specific

20. Naming a species: Genus species
Only one organism per “name”
Same name worldwide
Punctuation:
Capitalize genus
Lowercase species
Italics or underlined

21. After people: Various species…
Rhea darwinii (flightless bird)
Strigiphilus garylarsonii (wingless chewing lice)

22. Descriptive: Mosquito species names
punctor
tormentor
vexans
horrida
perfidiosus
abominator
excrucians

23. Need both the genus & species
Opuntia engelmanii (prickly pear)
Echinocereus engelmanii (hedgehog cactus)
Opuntia bigelovii (teddy bear cholla)

24. Abbreviations Opuntia engelmanii
Opuntia spp. refers to any species in the genus Opuntia (flat segmented cactus)
After it has been referred to once, the abbreviation O. engelmanii can be used

25. What differentiates species?
Organisms with physical differences that cannot breed with one another
Similar physiology and ability to have viable offspring defines a species
Location (how far away do they have to be?)
Issues in defining a species:
Physiology (how different do they have to look?)
Genetic incompatibility (what if the offspring are infertile?)

26. Define “species”

27. Define “species”
Deer mouse

28. Define “species”
Mule
Horse
Donkey

29. Define “species”

30. Define “species”
Hooded Crow
Carrion Crow

31. Define “species”

32. Coyote mother + Grey wolf father = Red wolf
Define “species”
Coyote mother + Grey wolf father = Red wolf

33. Hierarchical Classification
Kingdom
Phylum or Division (for Plantae)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
More Specific

34. Pneumonic Devices to Remember:
Kissing Pretty Cathy On Friday Gives Satisfaction

35. Create an pneumonic device to help you remember the order for classification:K
P –or– D C O F G S

36. Hierarchical Classification
Kingdom
Phylum or Division (for Plantae)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
More Specific

37. Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 1
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Subphylum: Vertebrata (backbone)
Superclass: Tetrapoda (4-legs, land)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
Family: Felidae (cat-like)
Genus: Felis (small cats)
Species: rufus (Bobcat)

38. Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 2
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
Family: Felidae (cat-like)
Genus: Felis (small cats)
Species: rufus (Bobcat)
What would a Leopard have in common with the Bobcat?
(In terms of classification)

39. Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 2
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
Family: Felidae (cat-like)
Genus: Felis (small cats)
Species: rufus (Bobcat)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
Family: Felidae (cat-like)
Genus: Panthera (large cats)
Species: pardus (Leopard)

40. Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 3
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
Family: Felidae (cat-like)
Genus: Felis (small cats)
Species: rufus (Bobcat)
What would a Coyote have in common with the Bobcat?
(In terms of classification)

41. Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 3
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
Family: Felidae (cat-like)
Genus: Felis (small cats)
Species: rufus (Bobcat)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
Family: Canidae (dog-like)
Genus: Canis (dogs)
Species: latrans (Coyote)

42. Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 4
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
Family: Felidae (cat-like)
Genus: Felis (small cats)
Species: rufus (Bobcat)
What would a Rock Squirrel have in common with the Bobcat?
(In terms of classification)

43. Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 4
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
Family: Felidae (cat-like)
Genus: Felis (small cats)
Species: rufus (Bobcat)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Rodentia (rodents)
Family: Sciuridae (active year-round, during the day)
Genus: Spermophilus (“loves seeds”)
Species: variegatus (rock squirrel)

44. Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 5
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Cetacea (fully aquatic)
Family: Delphinidae (dolphin)
Genus: Tursiops (debated…)
Species: truncatus (bottlenose)
What would a Great White Shark have in common with the Bottlenose Dolphin?
(In terms of classification)

45. Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 5
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Cetacea (fully aquatic)
Family: Delphinidae (dolphin)
Genus: Tursiops (debated…)
Species: truncatus (bottlenose)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
Class: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish )
Order: Lamniformes (sharks)
Family: Lamnidae (mackerel sharks)
Genus: Carcharodon (white shark)
Species: carcharias (great white)

47. Dichotomous Key
Groups are always split into TWO until there is only one organism remaining
Each line has a description
There is only one organism at the end of each line

48. Phylogenetic Trees
Groups are always split into TWO until there is only one organism remaining
Every branch has a label
There is only one organism at the end of each branch

49. Phylogenetic Tree

50. Phylogenetic Tree 1
plants
animals

51. Phylogenetic Tree 1
backbone
no backbone
plants
animals

52. Phylogenetic Tree 1 live birth lays eggs backbone no backbone plants
animals

53. Phylogenetic Tree 1 aquatic feathers live birth lays eggs backbone
no backbone
plants
animals

54. Phylogenetic Tree 1 flightless herbivore carnivore aquatic flies
feathers
live birth
lays eggs
backbone
no backbone
plants
animals

55. Dichotomous Key

56. Example:
1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2

57. Example:
1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2 2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3 2b. No backbone …………………. Bee

58. Example:
1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2 2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3 2b. No backbone …………………. Bee 3a. Live birth …………………………. 4 3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5

59. Example:
1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2 2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3 2b. No backbone …………………. Bee 3a. Live birth …………………………. 4 3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5 4a. Carnivore …………………….. Lion 4b. Herbivore ……………………. Horse

60. Example:
1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2 2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3 2b. No backbone …………………. Bee 3a. Live birth …………………………. 4 3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5 4a. Carnivore …………………….. Lion 4b. Herbivore ……………………. Horse 5a. Is aquatic …………………………. Frog 5b. Has feathers ………………………. 6

61. Example:
1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree 1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2 2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3 2b. No backbone …………………. Bee 3a. Live birth …………………………. 4 3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5 4a. Carnivore …………………….. Lion 4b. Herbivore ……………………. Horse 5a. Is aquatic …………………………. Frog 5b. Has feathers ………………………. 6 6a. Flies …………………………... Duck 6b. Flightless ……………………... Kiwi

62. Making your tree/key… It’s about HOW CLOSELY RELATED
To the best of your knowledge
Overall traits becoming more specific
Pick 8 organisms from the pictures