2. 1. A Transmutation is any alteration in the nucleus 2. There are no stable isotopes above element #83 1. Elements that are unstable will emit energy in the form of Radiation 2. Called Radioisotopes 3. Stability is based on the P:N Ratio

3. Particle Type SymbolMassChargePenetrating Power Alpha 2 He 4 α42Low Beta -1 e 0, β - 0Moderat e Positron +1 e 0, β + 0+1Moderat e Gamma 0γ00γ0 00High X-ray

4. The Effects of an Electric field on Charged Particles

5. 1. Natural Artificial A type of Decay that occurs naturally therefore you will see only 1 reacting nuclei that will undergo a change 1. Alpha ( )Decay 2. Beta ( )Decay 3. Positron ( ) emission 4. Gamma ( ) decay A type of Decay that does not occur naturally, therefore you will see 2 nuclei reacting 2 Types 1. Fusion 2. Fission

6. Alpha Notice several things about it: 1) The atom on the left side is the one that splits into two pieces. 2) One of the two atoms on the right is ALWAYS an alpha particle. 3) The other atom on the right ALWAYS goes down by two in the atomic number and four in the mass number.

8. Check it and compare the three points to the example. Keep in mind that this equation shows the left-hand side splitting into the two pieces shown on the right-hand side. OK, write the alpha decay equations for these five nuclides. Then click the link to see the answers. Check it and compare the three points to the example. Keep in mind that this equation shows the left-hand side splitting into the two pieces shown on the right-hand side. OK, write the alpha decay equations for these five nuclides. Then click the link to see the answers. Check it and compare the three points to the example. Keep in mind that this equation shows the left-hand side splitting into the two pieces shown on the right-hand side. OK, write the alpha decay equations for these five nuclides.

10. Here's your first set of exercises. Write out the full beta decay equation. Then click the link to see the answers.

11. Here's your first set of exercises. Write out the full beta decay equation. Then click the link to see the answers.

12. -1 e 0 + 19 K 37 ------> 18 Ar 37 Side Note: K Capture (capture and electron) yields the same results 19 K 37 ------> +1 e 0 + 18 Ar 37

14. No change in Mass or Charge

15. FusionFission  A reaction where 2 lite nuclei (alike) are joined together to make a heavier nuclei.  Ex: Reactions on the Sun  Good: Yields A lot of Energy  Bad: Requires a lot of energy to run  Fuse 2 like nuclei (repel)  Need particle accelerators to inc. KE  Synchroton  Cyclotron  The splitting of heavy nuclei (bombard with high energy Neutrons 0 N 1 ) into a smaller nuclei  Good: Yields a lot of energy  Bad: Produces a lot of Radioactive waste (disposal issues and half life)

16. 1 H 1 + 1 H 1 -----> 1 H 2 + +1 e 0 + energy 1 H 1 + 1 H 2 -------> 2 He 3

17. 0 n 1 + 92 U 235 ------> 56 Ba 142 + 36 Kr 91 + 3 0 n 1 + ENERGY 0 n 1 + 92 U 235 ------> 54 Xe 143 + 38 Sr 90 + 3 0 n 1 + ENERGY

19. The time that it takes for a substance (radioactive) to lose ½ its mass. A. Determine the Age of rocks (Carbon Dating) During Half-Life Problems Remember: 1. the longer the half-life, the SLOWER the decay (Dangerous) 2. The shorter the half-life, the faster the decay (used in medicine)

20. You will need to know 5 things 1.Total time 2.½ life time 3.# of half life 4.Initial Mass 5.Final Mass

21.  If starting with Initial Mass  If asked what fraction remains?  Always start with (1) 128g 64g 32g 16g 8g 4g 2g 1g 12345671234567 # of Half lifes 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 12341234 # of Half lifes

22. Total Time ½ life time = # of ½ lifes # Initial Mass Final Mass 2 2

23. 1) The half-life of Zn-71 is 2.4 minutes. If one had 100.0 g at the beginning, how many grams would be left after 7.2 minutes has elapsed? 12.5g remaining 2) Os-182 has a half-life of 21.5 hours. How many grams of a 10.0 gram sample would have decayed after exactly three half-lives? 8.75g decayed, 1.25g remain 3) At time zero, there are 10.0 grams of W-187. If the half-life is 23.9 hours, how much will be present at the end of one day? Two days? Seven days? 1 day = 5.00g, 2 days = 2.50g, 7 days =.078g

24.  Carbon Dating – C 14 no longer taken in by a dead organism  Ratio of U 238 /Pb 206 to date rocks  I 131 – used to study thyroid conditions  Co 60 – emits large amounts of gamma radiation. Used in treating cancers like Prostate  Co 60 and Cs 137 – emit gamma rays, used to kill Anthrax Bacilli  Tc 43 –used to treat cancerous tumors, absorbed by cancer cells