1. 25.2 Nuclear Transformations
Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry
25.2 Nuclear Transformations

2. Chemistry
Today we are learning to:- 1. See what determines the type of decay a radioisotope undergoes 2. Understand what we mean by the term half-life
3. Calculate how much of a sample remains after each half-life
4. Understand the 2 ways that transmutation reactions can occur

3. Nuclear Transformations
Nuclear Stability and Decay
Nuclear Transformations
A force called the nuclear force is responsible for holding the nuclei of atoms together. It is stronger than the electromagnetic force over extremely short distances, so nuclei don’t fly apart (1.7fm) (1 femtometer = 1.0 x 10−15 meters or 0.000,000,000,000,001,7m).
More than 1,500 different nuclei are known. Of those, only 264 are stable and do not decay or change with time. These nuclei are in a region called the band of stability.

4. Nuclear Transformations
Nuclear Stability and Decay
Nuclear Transformations

5. n → p + e Nuclear Transformations
Nuclear Stability and Decay
Nuclear Transformations
A nucleus lying outside the band of stability will be unstable and decay into a more stable isotope
The neutron-to-proton ratio determines the type of decay that occurs
If a nucleus has too many neutrons, a neutron can change into a proton and a high energy electron (beta particle) is shot out of the nucleus. 1 n → p + e +1 -1

6. p + e → n p → n + e Nuclear Transformations
Nuclear Stability and Decay
Nuclear Transformations
Other types of decay processes other than alpha emission and beta emission are:
Electron capture: where an electron captured by a nucleus transforms a proton into a neutron.
Positron emission: Where a proton in the nucleus changes into a neutron with the emission of a positively charged electron (positron). 1 p + e → n +1 -1 1 p → n + e +1

7. Nuclear Stability and Decay
25.2
Nuclear Stability and Decay
Homework questions: Answer Questions on page 821 of your text book for next day (use a periodic table to help identify products.)

8. Nuclear Transformations
Half-Life
Nuclear Transformations
The rate of decay of an unstable radioisotope is measured by its half-life
A half-life (t1/2) is the time required for one-half of the nuclei of a radioisotope sample to decay to products
After each half-life, half of the existing radioactive atoms have decayed into atoms of a new element.
Half-lives can range from fractions of a second to billions of years

9. Nuclear Transformations
Half-Life
Nuclear Transformations

10. Nuclear Transformations
Half-Life
Nuclear Transformations

11. 25.2
Half-Life
Uranium 238 decays through a series of unstable isotopes until it reaches the stable isotope of lead-206.
Because of the long half live of uranium -238 its ratio to other isotopes in rocks can be used to date them.
Uranium-238 decays through a complex series of radioactive intermediates, including radon (Rn) gas. Interpreting Diagrams What is the stable end product of this series?
Stable Isotope

12. Nuclear Transformations
Half-Life
Nuclear Transformations
The ratio of Carbon-14 to stable carbon in the remains of an organism changes in a predictable way that enables the archaeologist to obtain an estimate of its age.
Carbon-14 dating (simple)
Carbon-14 dating (detailed)

13. 25.1

14. Homework: Questions 46, 50, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61 and 65
for Sample Problem 25.1
Practice Problem (page 806).
Homework: Questions 46, 50, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61 and 65
On pages of your Chemistry text book.

15. Transmutation Reactions
The conversion of one atom of one element to a different element is called transmutation
Transmutation can occur by:
radioactive decay
when particles bombard the nucleus of an atom.
The first artificial transmutation reaction involved bombarding nitrogen gas with alpha particles.

16. 25.1
Transmutation Reactions
Nuclear Transformations
The first artificial transmutation reaction involved bombarding nitrogen gas with alpha particles.

17. Nuclear Transformations
Transmutation Reactions
Nuclear Transformations
Bombardment by alpha particle:
14   7
N +
4 2
He →
17   8
O +
1 1 H
Ex. 1.
9   4
Be +
4 2
He →
12   6
C +
1 0 n
Ex. 2.
The elements in the periodic table with atomic numbers above 92, the atomic number of uranium, are called the transuranium elements.
All transuranium elements undergo transmutation.
None of the transuranium elements occur in nature, and all of them are radioactive.
Transuranium elements are synthesized in nuclear reactors and nuclear accelerators.

18. 25.2 Section Quiz.
1. During nuclear decay, if the atomic number decreases by one but the mass number is unchanged, the radiation emitted is
a positron.
an alpha particle.
a neutron.
a proton.

19. 25.2 Section Quiz.
2. When potassium-40 (atomic number 19) decays into calcium-40 (atomic number 20), the process can be described as
positron emission.
alpha emission.
beta emission.
electron capture.

20. 25.2 Section Quiz.
3. If there were 128 grams of radioactive material initially, what mass remains after four half-lives?
4 grams
16 grams
8 grams
32 grams

21. 4. When transmutation occurs, the ________ always changes.
25.2 Section Quiz.
4. When transmutation occurs, the ________ always changes.
number of electrons
mass number
atomic number
number of neutrons

22. 5. Transmutation occurs by radioactive decay and also by
25.2 Section Quiz
5. Transmutation occurs by radioactive decay and also by
extreme heating.
chemical reaction.
high intensity electrical discharge.
particle bombardment of the nucleus.

23. 25.1 Vocabulary 2.3 Vocabulary 25.2 Vocabulary
Radioactivity: process where materials give off high energy rays
Radiation: name give to these penetrating rays and particles
Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes that will decay into a different element
Alpha particle: high energy helium nuclei containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons
beta particle: high energy electron emitted from a nucleus
Gamma particle: high energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from a nucleus
25.2 Vocabulary
Nuclear force: attractive force acting between nuclear particles close together
Band of stability: region of stable isotopes
Positron: particle with the mass of an electron but a +1 charge
Half-life: time taken for half of a radioisotope to decay
Transmutation: conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another
Transuranium element: elements with atomic numbers above 92

24. END OF SHOW