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Marine Biomes Jared Benton-Smith AP Envi Sci 11/03/10.

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Presentation on theme: "Marine Biomes Jared Benton-Smith AP Envi Sci 11/03/10."— Presentation transcript:

1 Marine Biomes Jared Benton-Smith AP Envi Sci 11/03/10

2 http://world_map_road.tripod.com/world_map_wallpaper2.jpg

3 Tides Diurnal tide Semidiunal tide Mixed http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/tide_type_map.jpg

4 Spring/Neap Tides Large tidal range at spring tides Small at neap tides http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/spring-neap.jpg

5 The Coriolis Effect Caused by Earth's rotation Deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere To the left in the Southern Hemisphere http://www.williamsclass.com/EighthScienceWork/Atmosphere/coriolis.gif

6 Winds Surface currents driven by winds, move at 45 º from wind currents http://pulse.pharmacy.arizona.edu/9th_grade/from_global/earth_science/images/wind_patterns.gif

7 Ekman Spiral Compounding Coriolis effect Ekman layer 90 º to wind current Produces circular surface currents that help regulate climate through heat transportation http://atoc.colorado.edu/~cassano/atoc4750/Daily_images/20080129/ocean_ekman_spiral.jpg

8 Currents http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/sage/oceanography/lesson3/images/ocean_currents2.jpg

9 The Great Ocean Conveyor http://www.crd.bc.ca/watersheds/protection/geology-processes/images/clip_image002_000.jpg

10 Soil Conditions Sea floor made of oceanic crust (basalt) Crust is dense, keeping it below sea level Sediment composition related to degree of water motion Fine sediments stay suspended w/ little movement, thus settle in calmer areas Detritus in sediment http://www.pubinfo.vcu.edu/masc/photos-2003-04/sediment_usgs.jpg

11 Marine Ecosystems http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01590/intro/ocean.jpg

12 Coastal Zone Nutrient rich Warm Shallow 10% of the world's ocean area 90% of marine species High NPP per unit area Large amounts of sunlight Plant nutrients flow from land and are distributed by currents and tidal flow http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/california/images/s/northern-coast.jpg

13 Intertidal Zones-Rocky Shores Uplifted coasts, geologically young coasts, or eroded coasts Tides affect affect biological zones, vertical zonation Currents affect temperature causing varied biodiversity between areas Organisms' niches change depending on daily and seasonal environmental changes http://www.noao.edu/education/gsmtf/img/currents.gi f

14 http://www.seafriends.org.nz/books/eco03.gif http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/czm/initiative/wec/ht ml/sea/marine/images/yokohama5.jpg

15 Rocky Intertidal Organisms Seaweeds, diatoms, seagrasses Detritus GrazersScavengersFilter Feeders Carnivores Sea stars, snails, fishes, crabs, flatworms, birds Limpets, snails, chitons, sea urchins Crabs, amphipods, isopods Mussels, barnacles Drift seaweed from other communities To other communities Plankton

16 Intertidal Zones-Sandy Shores Seagrass most common primary producer Houses organisms that bury in the sediment/sand Grain size affects oxygen and organic matter availability, larger=less http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/bestw2/Sandy%20Beach.jpg

17 Sandy Intertidal Organisms PlanktonBottom diatoms Detritus Suspension feeders Deposit feeders Carnivores Clams, sand crabs, polychaetes Polychaetes, clams Fishes, birds, moon snails From other communities

18 Coral Reefs Water avg. temp >20 º C Rarely deeper than 50m Most reefs are sensitive to fresh water, fine sediments and pollution 3 types  Fringing  Barrier  Atolls http://images.fanpop.com/images/image_uploads/Coral-Reefs-sea-life- 114559_1280_853.jpg

19 http://www.coralreefinfo.com/images/coralreef_map_large.jp g

20 Coral Reefs cont. Nutrients cycled rapidly Nitrogen is fixed Very productive Sessile organisms compete for space http://www.solcomhouse.com/images/coral_reef_florida.jpg

21 Coral Reef Organisms Predators Fishes, squids, snails Grazers Fishes, urchins, snails, chitons Detritus feeders Sea cucumbers, worms, amphipods, soft corals Coral and coral mucus feeders Fishes, sea stars, crabs Plankton feeders Fishes, sea fans, feather stars Detritus Seaweeds, coralline algae, photosynthetic bacteria Corals/Zooxanthel lae Plankton From other communities

22 Open Ocean-Euphotic Zone Low nutrient levels High DO Floating phytoplankton Large, fast swimming predatory fish http://blog.city-discovery.com/wp- content/uploads/Great_white_shark_south_ africa-hermanusbackpackers.jpg

23 Open Ocean-Bathyal Zone Low levels of sun Zooplankton Smaller fish Some crustaceans Some anthropods http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/histio.jpg

24 Open Ocean-Abyssal Zone Dark and cold Low DO Deposit feeders and filter feeders Sources of nutrients: vents and marine snow http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/web/3546_web.jpg

25 Flora/Fauna Adaptations- Seaweeds (Algae) Thick, leathery bodies to withstand exposure to air Pneumatocysts to float near the surface Large blades Holdfasts attach seaweed to hard bottom http://www.oceanlight.com/lr/full/3bf8604d b3ab53f8dd991e6d707b3509.jpg

26 Flora/Fauna Adaptations- Salt-Marsh Plants/Mangroves Mangrove trees  thick leaves to prevent water loss  Seeds germinate while attached to the parent tree Salt glands excrete excess salt http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/files/Mcopingwithsalt.jpg

27 Human Impacts-Coral Reefs Excess sediment smothers coral reefs Use of explosives Collection Anchors Divers Ocean acidification 20% to damaged too recover http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2009/11/CoralF1T ULG.jpg

28 Mangrove Destruction In the Philippines, 1,000 square miles of mangroves, 67 percent of the country's total, were destroyed between 1920 and 1980 For shrimping http://coastalcare.org/wp- content/images/issues/additional-issues/miles- of-mangrove-trees.jpg

29 http://ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary/albums/userpics/10001/normal_iil-ian-aj- 0053.png

30 Human Impacts 80% people live near coasts Eutrophication Sewage discharge-spreads disease, sludge Sludge deposited modifies/destroys bottom communities Oil spills Thermal pollution Heavy metal accumulation Pesticides PCBs-toxic http://www.marcgunther.com/wp-content/uploads/10739728-bp-logo.jpg

31 Bibliography "Mangrove Destruction." Endangered Species Handbook. Animal Welfare Institute, 1983. Web. 04 Nov. 2010.. Castro, Peter, and Michael E. Huber. Marine Biology. 7th ed. Boston (Mass.): McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008. Print. Miller, G. Tyler, and Scott Spoolman. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. 15th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2007. Print.


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