1. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx Regulatory Framework Considerations for Implementing Direct Potable Reuse Guy Carpenter, PE Vice President Reuse Technical Practice Director Monday, August 11, 2014

2. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 2 Presentation Agenda Definitions Drivers for Potable Reuse Water Quality Criteria Treatment Technologies Risk Mitigation Public Perception Status of IPR/DPR projects going on in the US

3. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 3 Definitions

4. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 4 Non-Potable Reuse (NPR) or “Direct Reuse” (Purple Pipe) Indirect Potable Reuse - Surface Water Augmentation Indirect Potable Reuse - Groundwater Recharge Direct Potable Reuse What should I do with my reclaimed water?

5. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 5 Drivers for Potable Reuse

6. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 6 DPR Planning, Pilot Testing, and Full Scale Implementation is Underway DPR Demonstration in Oregon State Law Mandates Direct Potable Reuse Initiative $$$M collected for DPR research NWRI Expert Panel Formed for Cloudcroft NM, DPR to soon follow Initial DPR workshops underway in Oklahoma “Big Spring” in operation, treatment performance analysis underway DPR planning and design happening throughout the state IPR/DPR planning studies and pilot studies for utilities across CA Steering Committee for AZ Potable Reuse developing regulatory framework

7. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 7 But in Florida, Drivers are More Diverse

8. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 8 Drivers in Florida Surface water quality Salt water intrusion - Biscayne Decreasing Availability of Low- Cost Fresh Water –Central Florida Coordinating Area –Southwest Florida Southern Water Use Caution Area and Most Impacted Area –South Florida Regional Availability Rule Everglades restoration South Florida Ocean Outfall Legislation Eutrophication in St. Johns River Saltwater intrusion

9. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 9 Water Quality Criteria

10. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 10 What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage? Pathogens & Trace Organic Compounds Treatment Risk Mitigation Public Acceptance

11. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 11 Overall Goal: How do we make DPR safe? WRRF Project 11-02 Addresses Two Key Questions: 1.What level of treatment must we achieve? 2.How can we achieve that level of treatment? Adenovirus Cryptosporidium fluoxetine NDMA

12. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 12 WRRF 11-02 Panel Report specifies treatment goals From Raw Wastewater to Potable Water –12-log virus –9-log bacteria –10-log protozoa

13. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 13 NWRI Panel – Chemical Criteria

14. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 14 Public health goals for DPR CDPH: 12 / 10 / 10 –12-log virus –10-log Giardia and Crypto reduction WRRF 11-02: 12 / 10 / 9 –12-log enteric virus –10-log Crypto (Giardia implied) –9-log bacteria Both: –Requirements for trace chemicals

15. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 15 Treatment Technologies

16. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 16 What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage? Pathogens & Trace Organic Compounds Treatment

17. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 17 If you address the pathogens, you will address the trace organic chemicals (WRRF-11-02) Treatment TrainVirusCrypto Total Coliform 151218 151318 141116 141116 131116 GOALS12109 MFRO UV/H 2 O 2 Cl 2 CAS UF O3O3 BAF UV CAS O3O3 BAF UF UV O3O3 CAS BAF UV MF CAS O3O3 MFRO UV/H 2 O 2 From raw wastewater to potable water

18. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 18 But what if a process fails? Treatment TrainVirusCrypto Total Coliform 151218 151318 141116 141116 131116 GOALS12109 MFRO UV/H 2 O 2 Cl 2 CAS UF O3O3 BAF UV CAS O3O3 BAF UF UV O3O3 CAS BAF UV MF CAS O3O3 MFRO UV/H 2 O 2 X X X X 9 6 12

19. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 19 Risk Mitigation

20. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 20 What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage? Pathogens & Trace Organic Compounds Risk Mitigation

21. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 21 The bottom line: Process failure cannot reduce delivered water quality below target goals; so… –We must know when the failure has occurred and divert flow from the potable stream; or –We must have sufficient redundancy of treatment, storage, and monitoring to know that water quality goals are being met. Processes WILL fail.

22. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 22 In addition to robust treatment, there are two key components you need for protecting public health and minimizing cost in the case of process failure: 1.Quick response time 2.Good monitoring to ensure expected treatment result

23. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 23 For each individual process: Basic Framework for Setting Engineered Storage Size: Failure Response Time Sampling Interval Sample TAT System Reaction Minimum Storage Time Identify Failure Failure Response Time (FRT) Respond

24. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 24 Process Example #1: Microfiltration Standard“Advanced” Monitoring Approach Direct Integrity Test (pressure decay, e.g.) BioScan & Online / Benchtop Particle Counts Log Removal Credit 4-log protozoa 3-log bacteria Monitoring Interval24 hours instant (online)/ hourly (benchtop) Sample TATminutes instant (online)/ minutes (benchtop) Response time (valve & pumps) minutes FRT 24+ hours minutes (online)/ 1+ hour (benchtop)

25. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 25 Through research, we are increasing online monitoring sensitivity (method detection), which allows for greater confidence in actual removal Log removal credits: Minimum of: –process efficiency –Monitoring method sensitivity Method Sensitivity Process Efficiency Log Removal Credits Limit

26. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 26 WRRF-11-10 – Application of Risk Reduction Principles to Direct Potable Reuse Project Goal – “A critical initial evaluation of DPR, including treatment, monitoring, and operation.” –Identify important weak points in the advanced treatment process train. –Look at how and when we can manage these risks.

27. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 27 Key Lessons Make things simpler and/or less tightly coupled. Control potential failure points relative to their risk. Monitoring is key. For personnel: –Training, training, training. –SOPs for critical failure events. –Simple checklists

28. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 28 Public Acceptance

29. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 29 What do you need to do to make drinking water out of sewage? Pathogens & Trace Organic Compounds Public Acceptance

30. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 30 The general public has difficulty with the concept of relative concentrations and risk There is a concern that “presence” in any amount is a problem Adverse health effects are presumed if anything can be detected. There is no “zero” of anything… including risk.

31. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 31 Pharmaceutically Active Compounds

32. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 32 Amount of Water to Meet Acceptable Daily Intake (for Humans) - Pharmaceuticals Credit: Shane Snyder, University of Arizona

33. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 33 Public Perception Lessons Hire an expert Well-conceived plan Validate “contagion” mentality Watch your mouth! –Different vocabulary –Alarming words and acronyms Present DPR among other options –Energy –Capital and O&M –Social & Environmental impacts

34. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 34 The majority of the world’s population drinks from rivers and streams that have received treated discharges from upstream users. It is nothing new. We’ve been doing it for centuries. www.athirstyplanet.com We are nearly all “Downstream”

35. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 35 The Ways of Water The Ways of Water presents an overview of the many human interventions in the water cycle and looks at the benefits around some of the key water provision options including Direct Potable Reuse using easy-to-understand language

36. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 36 Communicating Risk of PPCPs (Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products) User & Public Friendly Document Includes a CD with printable materials http://www.watereuse.or g/catalog/toolkit

37. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 37

38. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 38 The Words We Use Really Do Matter Number one impediment to any water reuse project is public perception Can’t talk to public in the same way we do to each other http://www.watereuse.org/p roduct/07-03

39. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 39 So, all three components must fold into the regulatory framework for DPR Pathogens & Trace Organic Compounds Treatment Risk Mitigation Public Acceptance

40. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 40 Status of DPR Projects in US

41. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 41 Colorado River Municipal Water District’s Raw Water Production Facility at Big Spring Colorado River Municipal Water District’s Raw Water Production Facility at Big Spring

42. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 42 Colorado River Municipal Water District Member cities: Population served: 450,000 Surface water reservoirs: –Lake J.B. Thomas (<2% full) –E.V. Spence (<5% full) –O.H. Ivie (<15% full) Five well fields (peaking) Lake O.H. Ivie, April 2011 Odessa

43. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 43 Direct potable reuse is a reality for the Colorado River Municipal Water District

44. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 44 Designed by Freese & Nichols Operating since May 2013 DPR at Big Spring Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis UV Filtered secondary effluent from City of Big Spring Filters pathogens, pretreats for RO Removes pathogens, salt, and trace pollutants Kills pathogens and destroys trace pollutants H2O2H2O2 Membrane Processes Advanced Oxidation <20% blend Blended water to conventional drinking water plants Moss Creek Lake Raw water from E.V. Spence Reservoir Raw Water Production Facility RO concentrate to Beal’s Creek

45. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 45 Process evaluation, advanced monitoring Detailed study of water quality –Pathogens –Trace chemicals –Surrogate development Carollo Led Monitoring Study Expanding on WRRF Research Ethinyl estradiol caffeine Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis UV Secondary Effluent H2O2H2O2 <20% blend To drinking water plants Moss Creek Lake E.V. Spence Pipeline 412 RO concentrate 356 Proposed Sample Locations

46. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 46

47. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 47 Clean Water Services (Oregon) Provides Industry Leadership in the NW Phosphorus Recovery Reclaimed Water –Wetlands for nutrient removal and reclaimed water applications –Reclaimed water purification for DPR and industrial use

48. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 48 DPR Demonstration – Progressive Analysis Using the Latest Industry Tools Clean Water Services –Diane Taniguchi-Dennis –Rick Shanley –Adrienne Menniti –Forest Grove Plant Staff GE – UF and RO Membranes Trojan – UV AOP

49. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 49 Startup Testing Baselines Process Performance UF Pressure Decay Results Tracked and Are Stable and Within Tolerance RO EC is Constant Microbiological Reductions through Process Train as Expected (from a lot to zero!)

50. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 50 Detailed Pathogen and CEC Testing Complete ProcessTargetMonitoringNotes Full-Scale UVPathogensDose and total coliform reduction Provides bacteria and protozoa barrier Pilot-Scale UFPathogensParticle, protozoa, and virus reduction Includes seeding and indigenous monitoring Pilot-Scale ROPathogens, CECsVirus and CEC reduction Includes seeding of virus, monitoring of indigenous CECs Pilot-Scale UV AOPPathogens, CECsNDMA, CECsCorrelation of NDMA reduction to UV Dose

51. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 51 2014 One Water Innovations Gala WEFTEC 2014 September 28, 2014 6-10 p.m. The Republic New Orleans, LA

52. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 52

53. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 53 Notes from the Field, Cloudcroft NM System is Not Operational –80% Constructed –Online Spring 2015 Highly Advanced and Redundant Processes Membrane Bioreactor Reverse Osmosis UV/AOP Chlorine Disinfection Wastewater Purification Ultrafiltration UV Chlorine Disinfection 1 MG Storage (10 days) Water Treatment ~50% Blending with Raw Water

54. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 54

55. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 55 Critical Issues Remain to Be Addressed in Cloudcroft Water Supply is Low and DPR is the Answer –Vacation Community –9,000 feet, limited groundwater resources –No surface water resources –Population doubles/triples during peak tourist season –Water needed to sustain tourism in the Village Public Support is Split

56. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 56 Critical Issues Remain to Be Addressed in Cloudcroft New Mexico Environment Department Needs Answers –What level of treatment meets public health standards? –Is the existing treatment scheme sufficient? What about process monitoring? –How will a small community properly operate an advanced facility? Existing WWTP is a trickling filter, is current staff and training sufficient? –What type of state-wide guidance is needed for big and small DPR projects?

57. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 57 NWRI Hired by NMED to Answer Key Questions Independent Advisory Panel (IAP) –Jeff Mosher, Supreme Leader –Jim Crook, Chair –Joe Cotruvo, Panelist –Andrew Salveson, Panelist –Bruce Thompson, Panelist –John Stomp, Panelist –Assistance From: –Village Trustees –Eddie Livingston –NMED Panelist in Training (PIT)

58. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 58 NWRI IAP Preliminary Conclusions Treatment Process is Robust and Sufficient Additional Process Monitoring is Recommended to Improve Confidence –Online TOC to monitor RO performance –Online chloramines to monitor UV AOP performance –Online CT to measure chlorination performance –Offline microbial testing

59. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 59 O&M issues are Key! –Training –Retraining –Staff Redundancy (small community!) –Budgeting, this will be a large increase in O&M costs. Outreach & Education ASAP NWRI IAP Preliminary Conclusions

60. CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx 60 Questions/Discussion? Guy Carpenter gcarpenter@carollo.com 602-689-2678 Questions/Discussion? Guy Carpenter gcarpenter@carollo.com 602-689-2678