1. Fig. 29-1

2. Table 29-1

3. Fig. 29-7 Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) 1 2 3 1 2 3 Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya) Origin of extant seed plants (about 305 mya) ANCES- TRAL GREEN ALGA Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seed plants Seedless vascular plants Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Land plants Vascular plants Millions of years ago (mya) 500450400 350300 50 0

4. Fig. 29-9d Gametophyte Seta Capsule Sporophyte (a sturdy plant that takes months to grow) Polytrichum commune, hairy-cap moss

5. Fig. 29-9c An Anthoceros hornwort species Sporophyte Gametophyte

6. Fig. 29-9a Thallus Gametophore of female gametophyte Marchantia polymorpha, a “thalloid” liverwort Marchantia sporophyte (LM) Sporophyte Foot Seta Capsule (sporangium) 500 µm

7. Fig. 29-9b Plagiochila deltoidea, a “leafy” liverwort

8. Fig. 29-5c Spores Sporangium Sporophyte Longitudinal section of Sphagnum sporangium (LM) Gametophyte Sporophytes and sporangia of Sphagnum (a moss)

9. Fig. 29-11a (a) Peat being harvested

10. Fig. 29-11b (b) “Tollund Man,” a bog mummy

11. Fig. 29-8-3 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Protonemata (n) “Bud” Male gametophyte (n) Female gametophyte (n) Gametophore Rhizoid Spores Spore dispersal Peristome Sporangium MEIOSIS Seta Capsule (sporangium) Foot Mature sporophytes Capsule with peristome (SEM) Female gametophytes 2 mm Raindrop Sperm Antheridia Egg Archegonia FERTILIZATION (within archegonium) Zygote (2n) Embryo Archegonium Young sporophyte (2n)

12. Fig. 29-5a Gametophyte (n) Gamete from another plant n n Mitosis Gamete FERTILIZATIONMEIOSIS Mitosis Spore n n 2n2n Zygote Mitosis Sporophyte (2n) Alternation of generations

13. Fig. 29-15b Selaginella apoda, a spike moss 1 cm

14. Fig. 29-15c Isoetes gunnii, a quillwort

15. Fig. 29-15d Strobili (clusters of sporophylls) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss 2.5 cm

16. Fig. 29-15f Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern 25 cm

17. Fig. 29-15g Equisetum arvense, field horsetail Vegetative stem Strobilus on fertile stem 1.5 cm

18. Fig. 29-15h 2.5 cm Psilotum nudum, a whisk fern

19. Fig. 29-13-3 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) MEIOSIS Spore dispersal Sporangium Mature sporophyte (2n) Sorus Fiddlehead Spore (n) Young gametophyte Mature gametophyte (n) Archegonium Egg Antheridium Sperm FERTILIZATION New sporophyte Gametophyte Zygote (2n)