1. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt1 FERNS & MOSSES Spore Dispersed Plants

2. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt2 Spore-dispersed plants Seedless, dispersion by spores Advantages of spores Cheap, each one small, requires small resource investment Produced in huge numbers Can result in huge numbers of offspring Disadvantage Wasteful, most spores unsuccessful Must land on good moist soil Little resource to support growing gametophyte

3. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt3 Spore-dispersed vascular plants Vascular tissues, = xylem, phloem Allow growth to large size Local ferns, horsetails, club mosses not very large, fronds 30-40 cm Tree ferns (tropical) to 18 m tall w/ fronds 3 m long Prehistoric club mosses tree-sized

4. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt4 Phylum Pterophyta (Ferns)

5. Leafy fronds, usually compound Fronds grow as “fiddleheads” 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt5

6. Phylum Pterophyta (Ferns) Sporangia in sori under fronds One kind of spores only  homosporous Gametophyte with both antheridia & archegonia  Antheridia release sperm before archegonia mature! 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt6

7. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt7 Phylum Sphenophyta ("horsetails" or "scouring rushes") Hollow, segmented stems Minute bristle-like gray-brown fronds Stems hard, gritty with crystals of silica (SiO 2, sand, glass)

8. Phylum Sphenophyta Sporangia at tips of stems in strobilus Heterosporous, two kinds of spores  separate male & female gametophytes. One living genus Equisetum 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt8

9. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt9 Phylum Lycophyta ("club mosses" or "ground pine") Short stems with microphylls,  one vein per leaf (veins don’t branch) Sporangia at tips of stems or axils of fronds in strobilus Heterosporous, two kinds of spores  separate male & female gametophytes.

10. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt10 Phylum Lycophyta ("club mosses" or "ground pine")

11. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt11 Spore-dispersed nonvascular plants Lack xylem or phloem  Limited ability to transport water, minerals, sugars Usually live in moist places  Some can endure drying, metabolism ceases until they are wet again.

12. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt12 Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses) Familiar, low green soft masses on ground, usually in moist places

13. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt13 Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses) Life Cycle (very different from ferns, etc.)  dominant GAMETOPHYTE (haploid) familiar form green, with tiny leaf-like blades, antheridia & archegonia at top of moss  zygote grows into SPOROPHYTE (diploid) = stalk + capsule Capsule dries, splits open, releases spores Spores grow into GAMETOPHYTE

14. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt14 Moss Life Cycle

15. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt15 Economic uses of ferns, mosses Horticulture, landscaping Peat moss (Sphagnum)  soil conditioner, holds moisture,  cut, dried, burned as fuel in Ireland, Scandinavia.

16. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt16 Formation of a peat bog Continental glacier plows up soil Glacier breaks up as it melts back

17. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt17 Formation of a peat bog Hole left fills with meltwater Sphagnum grows from edges, may eventually fill bog

18. Peat bog Sphagnum Spruce & Birch Pitcher plants 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt18

19. Economic uses of ferns, mosses 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt19 Carboniferous Period (middle Paleozoic)  Ferns, tree ferns, tree-like "horsetails," tree-like lycophytes fossilized  Coal deposits  Power for heavy industry, electrical generation

20. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt20 Origins of plants from some green algae multicellular same photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a, b store food as starch cellulose cell walls alternation of generations

21. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt21 Evolution of plants One group includes Bryophyta (mosses)  Gametophyte dominant 2nd group includes ferns & seed plants, Lycophyta—Coniferophyta  Sporophyte dominant  Vascular tissue

22. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt22 Evolution of plants One group includes mosses, hornworts  dominant gametophyte, non-vascular 2nd group includes ferns, seed plants  dominant sporophyte, vascular tissue

23. 18 Sept. 2014Ferns&Moss.ppt23 Challenges to terrestrial organisms (& how plants meet the challenges): 1. Getting water, water transport to cells specialized vascular tissues 2.Evaporation, drying waxes, oils in "epidermis," close stomata 3.Gravity, need for support fluid pressure in vascular tissue; lignified xylem = wood 4.Rapid temperature changes evaporative cooling requires even more water! seasonal: drop leaves or close stomata