1. Flight Power

2. Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions 1-2
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

3. Lesson Overview
The principles of Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law
The characteristics of internal combustion engines
The mechanical, cooling, and ignition systems of reciprocating engines
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

4. Lesson Overview, cont. How the different types of jet engines work
The role of reversers and suppressors used in jet aircraft
Reaction engines
The development of new engine technology
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

5. (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
Quick Write
Which is the more significant achievement – being the first to invent something, or the first to make it practical? Or are both equally important?
(Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
© Laser143/Dreamstime.com

6. Boyle’s Law
Relationship between pressure and volume of a confined gas at a constant temperature
When pressure increased, the volume decreased, when pressure decreased, the volume increased
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Glenn Research Center

7. Charles’s Law
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature
If temperature of a gas rises, its volume increases; if temperature falls, the volume decreases
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research Center

8. Gay Lussac’s Law
Relationship between pressure of a gas, and temperature, when the volume is constant
Pressure rises when temperature rises, and pressure falls when temperature falls
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research Center

9. Activity 1: Animated Gas Lab
View the Animated Gas Lab at the NASA website
Use the lab to work through the questions
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

10. The Characteristics of Internal Combustion Engines
Internal combustion engines turn propellers which generate thrust
Combustion process— chemical energy converts to mechanical energy
The piston compresses fuel and air before combustion; then is forced back down the cylinder following combustion
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research Center

11. Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 3-4
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

12. Activity 2: Internal Combustion Engine Parts
Observe the four-stroke internal combustion engine animation 
Label the engine parts and provide a short description
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

13. Activity 2—Four Stroke Internal Combustion Engine
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research Center

14. Reciprocating Engines
Internal combustion engine is a reciprocating engine
Back-and-forth movement of the pistons produces mechanical energy
Most small aircraft have reciprocating engines
Parts include cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, a crankshaft, crankcase, intake and exhaust valves, and spark plugs
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

15. Intake Stroke—First Stroke
Piston moves down, intake valve opens, drawing air and fuel in at constant pressure
Provides great deal of surface area that reacts quickly with the oxygen in the air
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space Center

16. Compression Stroke— Second Stroke
The piston reaches the bottom, the intake valve closes, sealing the cylinder
Volume decreases, the piston compresses the fuel-air mixture, raising temperature and increasing pressure
Gas particles are close together, can react quickly when ignited
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space Center

17. Power or Ignition Stroke— Third Stroke
As the piston nears the top, a surge of current is sent to spark plug
The Spark ignites the compressed fuel- air mixture
Fuel rapidly combines with oxygen and produces carbon dioxide gas and water vapor
Hot gases force the piston down turning the crankshaft
The crankshaft turns the aircraft propeller
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space Center

18. Exhaust Stroke— Fourth Stroke
Piston reaches the bottom and starts back up the cylinder, the exhaust stroke begins
The exhaust valve opens, residual heat is released, and pressure returns to atmospheric conditions
The piston pushes waste gas out of the cylinder
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space Center

19. Cooling
Air cooled system—air flows through openings at the front of the engine cowling into the engine compartment
Hot air leaves the engine through openings in lower, aft portion
of the cowling
Liquid-cooled —requires the additional weight of a radiator and liquid
Radiators pump air-cooled liquid in pipes around hot parts of an engine
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

20. Ignition System
Provides the spark that ignites the fuel-air mixture in cylinders
Firing of two spark plugs improves combustion and results in more power; if one magneto fails, other can still work on its own
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research Center

21. Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 5-6
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

22. Turbojets Engine is an open tube that burns fuel continuously
Main parts: compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, inlet, shaft, and nozzle
Large air mass enters the inlet and is drawn into a rotating compressor
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

23. Turbojets, cont.
Compressor raises air pressure and forces the gas into smaller volumes, gas pressure increases and heats up
Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber, where it ignites
Heated gas passes over turbine blades causing them to rotate shaft connected to compressor
Nozzle’s purpose is to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy, thus producing thrust
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

24. Turbofans
Modified turbojet engine - has additional turbine to turn a fan at front of the engine
Two-spool engine; one powers compressor, other turns the large fan
Air from large fan enters the engine core, where fuel burns to provide some thrust
90 percent of the air bypasses the engine core; as much as 75 percent of the total thrust is from bypass air
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

25. Turboprops Hybrid of a turbojet and a propeller engine
Has a turbojet core to produce power but with two turbines
First turbine powers the compressor; the second turbine powers the propeller
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

26. Ramjets
Ramjets work with another power source for initial thrust, such as a rocket
Operates by combusting fuel in a stream of air compressed by aircraft’s forward motion
Airflow is subsonic, less than the speed of sound
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Johnson Space Center

27. Scramjets Scramjets overcome the speed limitation
It is a supersonic- combustion ramjet
Needs another engine or vehicle to accelerate it to operating speed
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center

28. Thrust Reversers
Diverts thrust to the opposite direction of the aircraft’s motion
Clamshell reverser forms a shield at the back of the nozzle, deflects exhaust so it no longer produces forward thrust
Cascade reverser is a series of airfoils with a high degree of camber that opens, to change the airflow’s direction
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Courtesy of Dan Brownlee

29. Noise Suppressors Laws regulate how much noise an aircraft can make
Flow of exhaust creates much of the racket
Chevron noise suppressor has teeth cut in nozzle’s edge to reduce noise
Corrugated noise suppressor has ridged nozzles; breaks noise in a large exhaust flow
Ejector-type noise suppressor directs surrounding air so it mixes with the high- velocity exhaust to reduce noise
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Copyright © Boeing. All Rights Reserved

30. Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 7-8
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

31. Activity 3: Jet Engine Characteristics
View the various animations of a jet engine to observe the parts and their functions
Label the parts and provide a short description of characteristic
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

32. Activity 3: Engine Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research Center

33. Activity 3: Compressor Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research Center

34. Activity 3: Turbine Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Reproduced from NASA/Glen Research Center

35. Reaction Engines
Reaction engine develops thrust by its reaction to a substance ejected from it
Operates according to Newton’s third law of motion
Rocket engines are also reaction engines
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Courtesy of NASA

36. The Development of New Engine Technology
Aerospace engineers are working on new engine technologies that cut fuel use and reduce emissions
Geared turbofan engine reduces fuel consumption, emissions, engine noise, and operating costs
Open rotor jet engine focuses on fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and noise reduction
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Courtesy of NASA/Glenn Research Center

37. Thrust Vectoring
Thrust vector engine has nozzles that turn to redirect thrust; lets aircraft maneuver with greater precision
The aim of this technology is maneuverability, not fuel efficiency
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Courtesy of NASA/Glenn Research Center

38. Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 9-10
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

39. Activity 4: Flight Power
Create a presentation on a jet engine (current model or one under development)
Research sources and describe how the engine works, and why the engine is suited for the aircraft’s purpose
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

40. Summary
The principles of Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law
The characteristics of internal combustion engines
The mechanical, cooling, and ignition systems of reciprocating engines
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

41. Summary, cont. How the different types of jet engines work
The role of reversers and suppressors used in jet aircraft
Reaction engines
The development of new engine technology
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

42. Review Questions CPS Questions 11-12
Chapter 1, Lesson 5

43. Next…. Done – flight power Next – aviation innovation
Chapter 1, Lesson 5
Copyright © Boeing. All Rights Reserved