1. “We give the US Air Force its Wings” Air Force Research Laboratory Air Vehicles Directorate: Cooperative Airspace Operations 3 March 05 Air Force Research Laboratory Air Vehicles Directorate: Cooperative Airspace Operations 3 March 05 Daniel Thompson Future Capability Lead, Cooperative Airspace Op’s Air Vehicles Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Daniel Thompson Future Capability Lead, Cooperative Airspace Op’s Air Vehicles Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory

2. Capability Focused Tech Investment War Winning Upgrades for Today’s Platforms Superior Technologies for Future Aerospace Dominance

3. Cooperative Airspace Operations Vision: Same Base, Same Time, Same Tempo Based on JUCAS ICD, SAB Summer Study, Global Hawk ORD, OSD UAV Roadmap, Predator CDD Partners in CAO: AFRL: VA, SN, HE, MN, IF DoD: DARPA, Navy, Army Other: NASA, Industry Reliable, Certifiable Systems & Software Safe Interoperability & Coordination Sense, Avoid, File & Fly Transparent Ground & Air Op’s Collaboration & Teaming Critical System Attributes: Reliable & Safe – Op’s in proximity to man Responsive/adaptive to dynamic missions As autonomous as needed, as interactive as desired Operations transparency Affordable & Certifiable System of Systems Decision Making

4. Cooperative Airspace Operations CFTI Taxonomy Cooperative Airspace Ops Operations in manned/unmanned teams CapabilityAttributesProduct Safe operations from airbases and in airspace J-UCAS 4-ship flight management Multi-UAV distributed control V&V of flt critical intelligent software Terminal area & ground ops Health mgmt integ w/adaptive control Open architecture, highly reliable VMS HALE UAV detect and avoid Non-GPS nav, landing, and ground ops Multi-vehicle see and avoid Status As Of Aug 04 Product Area Multi- vehicle Teaming Airspace Operations Reliable Control SW V&V

5. Cooperative Airspace Operations Attribute Availability Forecast Far Term (15) Near Term (07) Mid Term (10) BASELINE X-45, Predator Manned/Unmanned Teaming Safe Airbase/Airspace Op’s Single coordinated UCAV package Adaptive to continue the mission V&V’able today Min ATC Op’s – “See & Avoid” (1 v 1) Flexible ATC & Ground Op’s – “File & Fly” n v m GATM compliance Equivalent ATC & Ground Op’s – “Same Time, Same Base, Same Tempo” Safety/Reliability – Equivalent to manned systems Distributed/Cooperative Control of multiple packages and ISR assets Adaptive for max effectiveness in dynamic environment Manned/Unmanned Teaming V&V of intelligent and adaptive systems Safe Airbase/Airspace Op’s Ability to operate w/o GPS Manned/Unmanned Teaming Human as Operator Human as Supervisor Human as Teammate

6. Cooperative Airspace Operations CFTI Taxonomy Cooperative Airspace Ops Operations in manned/unmanned teams CapabilityAttributesProduct Safe operations from airbases and in airspace J-UCAS 4-ship flight management Multi-UAV distributed control V&V of flt critical intelligent software Terminal area & ground ops Health mgmt integ w/adaptive control Open architecture, highly reliable VMS HALE UAV detect and avoid Non-GPS nav, landing, and ground ops Multi-vehicle see and avoid Status As Of Aug 04 Product Area Multi- vehicle Teaming Airspace Operations Reliable Control SW V&V

7. Reliable Affordable Affordable Adaptive Adaptive Autonomous AutonomousReliable Affordable Affordable Adaptive Adaptive Autonomous Autonomous Control of Multi-Mission UAV Systems Demonstrate TRL 6 maturity of critical integrated technologies to achieve reliable, affordable, adaptive, autonomous control for effective multi-ship combat UAV operations Objective Compact, light weight, low cost VMS On-board, real-time, diagnostics Adaptive flight control Autonomous, cooperative flight mgmt Reconfigurable, adaptive flight control Reactive, autonomous, cooperative flight mgmt

8. Cooperative Airspace Operations CFTI Taxonomy Cooperative Airspace Ops Operations in manned/unmanned teams CapabilityAttributesProduct Safe operations from airbases and in airspace J-UCAS 4-ship flight management Multi-UAV distributed control V&V of flt critical intelligent software Terminal area & ground ops Health mgmt integ w/adaptive control Open architecture, highly reliable VMS HALE UAV detect and avoid Non-GPS nav, landing, and ground ops Multi-vehicle see and avoid Status As Of Aug 04 Product Area Multi- vehicle Teaming Airspace Operations Reliable Control SW V&V

9. Air Force Research Laboratory – Unleashing the Power of Innovative Aerospace Technology Collision Avoidance with cooperative & non-cooperative aircraft Interoperability with manned / unmanned aircraft ATC Communications Compliance with 14 CFR 91.113 Take-off & Landing FAA Airspace Classifications Weather Avoidance? Safety & Reliability Issues Navigation Command & Control Link Operator Qualifications Aircraft Airworthiness Airspace Access

10. Sense-and-Avoid Goal: Develop and Demonstrate Safe Multi-Vehicle Air Operations Phases/Tech Availability: Phase 1 (Manual): FY06 Phase 2 (Auto): FY07 Phase 3 (Multi-Veh): FY10 Technology Challenges: Cost Effective Sensing Sensor/Datalink/Avionics Fusion Equivalent Level of Safety Operations with close separation Enable UAVs to perform a wider range of Air Force missions

11. Non-GPS Landing & Ground-Ops Goal: Develop and demonstrate sensor architectures and algorithms for UAV airbase operations without reliance on GPS availability Tech Availability: FY09 Technology Challenges: Multi-purpose Sensor Integration Cost Effective Sensing Sensor/Datalink/Avionics Fusion Real-time Data Interpretation Manned System Equivalence GPS Kalman Filter Autonomous Landing Pos Vel INS Imaging Sensors DTED & Maps Radar Alt Geo Fix

12. Autonomous Terminal Area and Ground Operations Goal: Develop and demonstrate equivalent airbase operations as manned operations: “Same base, same time, same tempo” Tech Availability: FY12 Technology Challenges: Manned System Equivalence Mixed Operations Robust Safety Sensed Situational Awareness Operator-Vehicle Ratio V&V of On-Board Algorithms

13. Cooperative Airspace Operations Product Area: Limited FOR DAA 200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015 6.3 Program Other Funding Leveraged Program 6.2 Program Transition Point (TAD) 5 Technology Readiness Level Products S1 Spiral Funded Transition Unfunded Transition 6.1/SBIR Effort HALE UAV DAA ACAS AFCST AFRL/SN DAA AFRL/SN 6 Limited FOR DAA Global Hawk

14. Cooperative Airspace Operations Product Area: Non-GPS Ground Operations 200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015 6.3 Program Other Funding Leveraged Program 6.2 Program Transition Point (TAD) 5 Technology Readiness Level Products S1 Spiral Funded Transition Unfunded Transition 6.1/SBIR Effort Devel sensing arch for UAV airspace op’s -- SEFAR AFCST Non-GPS Gnd Op’s Non-GPS Gnd Ops 6 5 TBD

15. Cooperative Airspace Operations Product Area: See and Avoid 200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015 6.3 Program Other Funding Leveraged Program 6.2 Program Transition Point (TAD) 5 Technology Readiness Level Products S1 Spiral Funded Transition Unfunded Transition 6.1/SBIR Effort Devel sensing arch for UAV airspace op’s -- SEFAR HALE UAV DAA ACAS AFCST 6 TBD 5 Multi-vehicle SAA 6 See & Avoid

16. Cooperative Airspace Operations Product Area: Terminal Area and Ground Operations 200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015 6.3 Program Other Funding Leveraged Program 6.2 Program Transition Point (TAD) 5 Technology Readiness Level Products S1 Spiral Funded Transition Unfunded Transition 6.1/SBIR Effort Devel sensing arch for UAV airspace op’s -- SEFAR HALE UAV DAA ACAS AFCST Non-GPS Gnd Op’s ATAO Reqmts 6 6 Refine/demo alg’s - - ATAO Sim 3 4 5 NASA Access 5 MISCU Auton Term Area & Gnd Ops Term Area & Gnd Op’s TBD 6 3 Multi-vehicle SAA 6

17. Cooperative Airspace Operations CFTI Taxonomy Cooperative Airspace Ops Operations in manned/unmanned teams CapabilityAttributesProduct Safe operations from airbases and in airspace J-UCAS 4-ship flight management Multi-UAV distributed control V&V of flt critical intelligent software Terminal area & ground ops Health mgmt integ w/adaptive control Open architecture, highly reliable VMS HALE UAV detect and avoid Non-GPS nav, landing, and ground ops Multi-vehicle see and avoid Status As Of Aug 04 Product Area Multi- vehicle Teaming Airspace Operations Reliable Control SW V&V

18. Goal: Affordable Validation, Verification, & Certification of Flight Critical, Intelligent Software Problem: Software is already a schedule & cost critical issue. Emerging UAV adaptive & autonomous functions will significantly expand this problem Technology Challenges: Man & Machine Interoperability Learning/Adaptive Functionality Multi-vehicle System of Systems Mixed Criticality – Flight & Mission Sensor Fusion/Integration Validation and Verification of Flight Critical Intelligent Software

19. Cooperative Airspace Operations Product Area: V&V of Flight Critical Intelligent Software 200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015 6.3 Program Other Funding Leveraged Program 6.2 Program Transition Point (TAD) 5 Technology Readiness Level Products S1 Spiral Funded Transition Unfunded Transition 6.1/SBIR Effort VVIACS CERTA-FCS FWV Initiative, & Other Gov’t Integrated SW Envir Phase I – Definition & Metrics Phase II – Development of processes Phase III – Demo against relevant application TASS SBIRs DARPA MoBIES, PCES Other VA Affordable processes for flight critical intelligent software devel and V&V TBD

20. Cooperative Airspace Operations CFTI Taxonomy Cooperative Airspace Ops Operations in manned/unmanned teams CapabilityAttributesProduct Safe operations from airbases and in airspace J-UCAS 4-ship flight management Multi-UAV distributed control V&V of flt critical intelligent software Terminal area & ground ops Health mgmt integ w/adaptive control Open architecture, highly reliable VMS HALE UAV detect and avoid Non-GPS nav, landing, and ground ops Multi-vehicle see and avoid Status As Of Aug 04 Product Area Multi- vehicle Teaming Airspace Operations Reliable Control SW V&V

21. UAV Flight Management Goal: Develop and Demonstrate Single & Multi- ship Flight Management – “As Autonomous As Needed, As Interactive As Desired” Initial User/TAD: UCAV/TBD Technology Challenges: Single & Multi-vehicle Control & Coordination Optimal Use of Resources Real Time Response On-board Situational Awareness & In- Situ Decision Making Limited Datalink Bandwidth V&V of Adaptive & Intelligent Software

22. Autonomy Continuum Autonomous Control Level (ACL) 123456789100 Fully Autonomous Remotely Piloted Preplanned Mission Changeable Mission Limited Response Fault/Event Adaptive Multi-Vehicle Coordination Multi-Vehicle Cooperation Battlespace Knowledge Battlespace Cognizance Battlespace Swarm Cognizance Off-Board Data + Sensed Data+ Inference Individual UAV Multi-vehicle Adaptive Health Prognostic Assessment Wide Separation Close SeparationCollision Avoidance Tactical Plan Group Tactical Plan Group Tactical Goal Group Strategic Goal Large Numbers, Complex Environment Off-Board Assess & Replan On-Board Trajectory Replan On-Board Group Replan Group Assessment Implicit/Predictive Replan Diagnostic Coordination Adaptability Intelligence Airspace Op’s

23. Multi-vehicle Teaming Hierarchical Control Group planning and resource assignment done by leader Plan communicated and executed by team members 6.3 ACL5 Implicit Coordination Each vehicle plans for all vehicles Distributes the data and computing Requires synchronized information Facilitates transition to distributed 6.2 ACL6 More flexible and efficient use of available resources Distributed Control Individual planning and replanning Group coordination 6.1 ACL7-8

24. Cooperative Airspace Operations Product Area: Multi-vehicle Teaming 200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015 6.3 Program Other Funding Leveraged Program 6.2 Program Transition Point (TAD) 5 Technology Readiness Level Products S1 Spiral Funded Transition Unfunded Transition 6.1/SBIR Effort CMUS (Baseline, Tech Val) DIReCT DCAT Selection/refinement towards end-application needs -- DICCAT 4-ship JUCAS Flt Mgmt COE Cooperative Control & Control Collaborative Center DARPA SEC & MICA Flight test of multi-UAV control -- DCACD Multi-UAV Distrib Control TBD Multi-UAV SBIRs 6 UAVOM 5 4 5 JUCAS AFOSR, AFRL/MN, Navy (Future Naval Capabilities), & Army (Autonomous Cooperative Operations) Programs ExACT

25. Cooperative Airspace Operations Cooperative Airspace Op’s – Developing and demonstrating the key technology products to enable UAV’s (and manned systems) to be more effective and reliable in performance of operator missions