1. Gender Budgeting - Energy Dr. Jyoti Parikh Executive Director Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADe)

2. Introduction “ Fifty eight years after independence, Indian women still toil daily to collect fuel wood, crop residues and animal dung. Its time to make an impact on the lives of women who live in the 19th century, if not in the 16th century. ” “Although this is another first in budget making in India, it is only a beginning……. all departments will be required to present gender budgets as well as make benefit incidence analysis.” -Finance Minister P. Chidambaram in Budget 2005 speech

3. Why clean fuels for women? Modern/ Not Modern is Relative Modern or Clean: LPG, Electricity, Biogas, Kerosene Lighting: Dirty Fuels Inferior/ Not modern Cooking: Cleaner Fuels (Pressure Stove) Less Clean (Wick Stove) Kerosene is superior compared to bio-fuels Could be bought in flexible quantity with low fixed costs with more distribution network than LPG

4. Current Indian scenario – Energy Household energy – Rural India 95.6% of households (HHs) use biofuels 89 million households spend 31 billion hours annually in biofuel gathering 16.5% use kerosene for cooking 5.4% use LPG for cooking. Most of them however use multiple fuels 0.3% HHs use Biogas for cooking 63% of HHs are electrified

5. Current Indian scenario – Energy contd… ( ) Accessibility of electricity vs use of clean fuels for cooking (population in million) FuelsElectricity (Yes) Electricity (No) Total Kerosene/ LPG(Yes) 9423117 Kerosene/ LPG(No) 352273625 Total446296742 SOURCE: Census 2001 data “People without fuels much larger in number than without electricity”

6. Electricity? Or Fuels? Why more electricity? Why not fuels? Politically or technically electricity is pushed more than fuels despite the fact that it is costlier than providing fuel “Electricity for all” goal since mid seventies Rural Electrification Corporation Less Empowerment of Women Special Targets and budgets (insufficient) Is providing fuels such a formidable task?

7. Drudgery in Collection of Fuels Women have to walk every month in the state, spending 23 hours during 8 trips, each of about 3 kms to fetch fuels Distance travelledHouseholds HHs collecting from up to 1 km42% HHs collecting between 1 - 2 km50% HHs collecting from 2 - 3 km5% HHs collecting from more than 3 km3% Average time spent per trip (hours)2. 9 Average no. of trips per household per month8.0 Average time spent per month per household40.8% Time and efforts for collection of fuelwoods IRADe survey : Uttar Pradesh

8. Health impacts of Collection of Fuels –Results in backache (50%), neck ache, headache and bruises every week (80 %) –19% persons in HP have some symptoms IRADe survey : Himachal Pradesh

9. Economic Impacts: A ll India Rural Can be viewed at least as an economic problem if not a drudgery problem. In Rural India –Nearly 3 billion days are spent in gathering fuels and 700 million days in processing them –About 800 million days are spent due to diseases –Add to these 12 billion days to fetch water and water related diseases

10. Impact on MDG (Current Indian scenario) Infant and under 5 mortality rate in India are amongst the highest in the world. India’s child mortality rate at 87 is higher than even its poor neighbours Bangladesh (69), Bhutan (85) and Nepal(82). Source: Securing health – citizens report on MDGs The most recent estimates put Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in India as 408. National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2

11. Energy and Millenium Development Goal (MDG) attainment Millenium Development Goals How energy can help? Goal 4: Reduce child mortality (by 66% the mortality rate) Goal 5: Improve maternal health (by 75% the maternity mortality rates) Indoor air pollution Fuel supply Work burden Kerosene and LPG Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Goal 8: Safe drinking Water and Sanitation Deforestation Indoor pollution Climate change Water & sanitation Energy consumption

12. Women’s Perceptions Wish to shift to clean fuels. Why? Yes (82.5%)No (17.5%) ReasonResponse %ReasonResponse % Convenient (to turn on/off)18.00It is expensive49.00 Time Saving39.00The place is too far5.00 Cleaner Household36.00Supply is Inadequate 7.50 Easy Accessibility7.00We do not need it26.00 We Forgo our Share of Ration 12.50 Total100.00Total100.00 Example in HP, Shimla

13. Women’s Perceptions Willingness to pay

14. Budgeting for gender I Energy A national mission on “Cooking fuel availability to rural women within 1km”similar to Rajiv Gandhi mission for drinking water -For example, women groups can form tree growing cooperatives Micro enterprise development Policy needs to go beyond cooking energy Paradigm shift from subsidy mind sets to micro credit and loans (to encourage SHGs) Access to energy as promotional incentives for running small-scale energy business units

15. Budgeting for gender II Employment & Capacity building Enhance the employment opportunities for women Promotion of local resources Continuation of current programs Provide special trainings and special fellowships for Women Capacity building and assistance to manage energy programs Widen access to rural electrification, including decentralized programs “Indhan, Pani, Bijlee”should be given political priority over “Indhan, Bijlee”

16. Budgeting for gender III Health Sensitize health centers Spot respiratory diseases from indoor air pollution Reduce daily drudgery: only then can women spend time generating income Gender should be fully taken into account

17. Budgeting for gender IV Education Launching mass education programmes especially for the girl child to achieve the MDG Use of media and electronic communication to educate the public and raise awareness Dissemination activities/information sharing national, international experiences

18. “One-third of India’s total energy, is ‘managed’ mostly by women with too little inputs of investment, management or technology (IMT) and no political or administrative backing. These women energy suppliers or “managers” need to be helped without taking this role away from them and instead provide them IMT and improve their lives.” Jyoti Parikh, Business Standard

19. Thank you