1. P ANEL D ISCUSSION C HALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF DIVERSITY IN BME EDUCATION G ROUP D YNAMICS IN E NGINEERING D ESIGN Mary Besterfield-Sacre Associate Professor Fulton C. Noss Faculty Fellow Department of Industrial Engineering University of Pittsburgh

2. G ROUP D YNAMICS IS A F UNCTION OF THE C ONTEXT OF D ESIGN Design for context The drivers or constraints imposed by the social and economic conditions of the design problem. Design within context The constraints imposed by the structure, organization, location and operating policy under which a design team must function A central issue is how innovative design teams address both for context and within context modes

3. E XAMPLE - J AIPUR F OOT M C G IRK, T., “T HE $28 F OOT,” T IME : H EROES OF M EDICINE, WWW. TIME. COM / TIME / REPORTS / HEROES / FOOT 3. HTML Within Context - Chandra, a master artisan w/ 4th grade education, and Sethi, an orthopedic surgeon. Chandra and Sethi met at a hospital in Delhi, collaborated for 2 years as a “volunteer” team before developing the innovative prototype and final design. They had persistence, skills and medical knowledge. For Context – An intrinsically important idea …problems with traditional prosthesis: it did not facilitate common postures like sitting cross-legged; the heavy sponge shoe inhibited a farmer from returning to the fields after rain or irrigation. Local amputee population rejected them. The Innovation - Waiting for a bicycle tire to be repaired, Chandra envisioned an artificial limb and employed a tire repair owner to build his design. Here is an affordable, “appropriately engineered” product that improves lives and reaches a broad population. To make the limb affordable, they used locally available materials and manufacturing skills.

4. K&S Gender Ethnicity Background Work Exp Life Exp Etc. K&S Gender Ethnicity Background Work Exp Life Exp Etc. Cross Society Cultures Cross Society Cultures W HAT ARE THE ASPECTS OF D ESIGN F OR AND W ITHIN C ONTEXT THAT R ELATE TO G ROUP D YNAMICS ? Design Process InnovativeDesign for Context what students bring… within Context Work/Design Environment …what we bring

5. K&S Gender Ethnicity Background Work Exp Life Exp Etc. K&S Gender Ethnicity Background Work Exp Life Exp Etc. Cross Society Cultures Cross Society Cultures C AN C HANDRA AND S ETHI ’ S D ESIGN FOR AND W ITHIN SKILLS BE TAUGHT ? I NFLUENCED ? Design Process InnovativeDesign for Context what students bring… within Context Work/Design Environment …what we bring Faculty Challenges: Effective teaming Developing a sensitivity Pedagogy of design

6. Avoid exploitation (of weak and vulnerable) Avoid bribery – different from extortion, grease and gifts Avoid paternalism Avoid violation of human rights. Promote the host country’s welfare. Respect host country’s cultural norms and laws. F OR C ONTEXT … 9 E THICAL N ORMS W HEN W ORKING C ROSS - C ULTURALLY /C ROSS -S OCIETY H ARRIS, P RITCHARD AND R ABINS (2004)

7. Protect health and safety of host country’s citizens. Protect the environment. Promoting Legitimate Background Organizations Society’s laws, practices and institutions are necessary for stability and economic success Also unions, consumer groups, environmental groups, etc. These exist in developed but not LDCs

8. W ITHIN C ONTEXT … C ONSIDERATIONS FOR W OMEN & U NDER - R EPRESENTED G ROUPS S CHMIDT, S CHMIDT, S MITH, B IGIO &C ONTARDO (2005) Build for context awareness into team training Particularly at the beginning of a course A diverse team leads to better designs Groupthink – explore multiple perspectives Include diversity as part of team chartering Goal of promoting effective interactions among members Accepted ground rules and expectations Valuing team member’s strengths and weaknesses

9. W ITHIN C ONTEXT … C ONSIDERATIONS FOR W OMEN & U NDER - R EPRESENTED G ROUPS S CHMIDT, S CHMIDT, S MITH, B IGIO &C ONTARDO (2005) Include team building exercises Jones, A. (2002). More Team Building Activities for Every Group. Rec Room Publishing Use strategic team member assignment Common - Skills inventory, GPA, Secret ballot, Random Good but time consuming - Football draft, Resume selection Include at least 2 members of the non-majority group on each team

10. W ITHIN C ONTEXT … C ONSIDERATIONS FOR W OMEN & U NDER - R EPRESENTED G ROUPS S CHMIDT, S CHMIDT, S MITH, B IGIO &C ONTARDO (2005) Identify the source of interpersonal conflict: Value differences Expectation differences Perception differences Myers, SG (1996). Team Building for Diverse Work Groups: A Practical Guide to Gaining and Sustaining Performance in Diverse Teams. Irvine, CA: Richard Change Associates, Inc.

11. I NNOVATIVE DESIGNS ARE A RESULT OF “ EFFECTIVE ” DIVERSITY WITHIN CONTEXT THAT ARE SENSITIVE TO THE CONTEXT FOR WHICH THEY ARE DESIGNING … K&S Gender Ethnicity Background Work Exp Life Exp Etc. K&S Gender Ethnicity Background Work Exp Life Exp Etc. Cross Society Cultures Cross Society Cultures Design Process InnovativeDesign for Context what students bring… within Context Work/Design Environment …what we bring